The invention discloses a method for preparation of alkylated or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylated compounds by a heterogeneous Pt/C-catalyzed alkylation or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylation with alkyl halides or with fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkyl halides in the presence of Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3 or CsHCO.sub.3.

Compositions and methods using silicon-based cross-coupling agents in the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bonds are described.

The invention discloses a method for preparation of alkylated or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylated compounds by a heterogeneous Pt/C-catalyzed alkylation or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylation with alkyl halides or with fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkyl halides in the presence of Cs.sub.2C0.sub.3 or CsHC0.sub.3.

The invention discloses a method for preparation of alkylated or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylated compounds by a heterogeneous Pt/C-catalyzed alkylation or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylation with alkyl halides or with fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkyl halides in the presence of Cs.sub.2C0.sub.3 or CsHC0.sub.3.

The present disclosure provides Titanium (IV) compounds and methods of making heterocyclic compounds such as pyrroles using Titanium (IV) compounds. In certain embodiments, the Titanium (IV) compound is present in catalytic amounts.

The present disclosure provides Titanium (IV) compounds and methods of making heterocyclic compounds such as pyrroles using Titanium (IV) compounds. In certain embodiments, the Titanium (IV) compound is present in catalytic amounts.

The present invention relates to new fullerene derivatives of formulae 1a-d, 2 and 3: ##STR00001##
method of synthesizing said derivatives, and applications thereof in organic photovoltaics, e.g., organic solar cells. In particular, the fullerene derivatives of the present invention are soluble in non-halogenated solvents such that an environmental-friendly and low-cost fabrication method for industrialization of solar cell based on the new fullerene derivatives is provided. An ink formulation for forming a thin film on a substrate of organic photovoltaics comprising at least one of the fullerene derivatives of the present invention is also provided. Greater than 3% power conversion efficiency of the organic solar cells (area=0.16 cm.sup.2) formed based on the fullerene derivatives of the present invention with less pollution and lower cost in fabrication can be achieved in the present invention.

The present invention relates to new fullerene derivatives of formulae 1a-d, 2 and 3: ##STR00001##
method of synthesizing said derivatives, and applications thereof in organic photovoltaics, e.g., organic solar cells. In particular, the fullerene derivatives of the present invention are soluble in non-halogenated solvents such that an environmental-friendly and low-cost fabrication method for industrialization of solar cell based on the new fullerene derivatives is provided. An ink formulation for forming a thin film on a substrate of organic photovoltaics comprising at least one of the fullerene derivatives of the present invention is also provided. Greater than 3% power conversion efficiency of the organic solar cells (area=0.16 cm.sup.2) formed based on the fullerene derivatives of the present invention with less pollution and lower cost in fabrication can be achieved in the present invention.

Disclosed are compounds of the Formula (I), wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and m are as described herein, as modulators of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, particularly the 7 subtype, their tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and combinations thereof with suitable other medicaments. Also disclosed are a process of preparation of the compounds and the intended uses thereof in therapy, particularly in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and senile dementia. ##STR00001##

Disclosed are compounds of the Formula (I), wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and m are as described herein, as modulators of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, particularly the 7 subtype, their tautomeric forms, stereoisomers, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and combinations thereof with suitable other medicaments. Also disclosed are a process of preparation of the compounds and the intended uses thereof in therapy, particularly in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and senile dementia. ##STR00001##