The present invention provides fluorescent polyfluorene polymers or macromers with unique optical properties that are stable. The polymeric fluorophores are useful in various bioassays formats. The inventive polymers are useful in assays relying on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms where two fluorophores are used.

The present invention provides fluorescent polyfluorene polymers or macromers with unique optical properties that are stable. The polymeric fluorophores are useful in various bioassays formats. The inventive polymers are useful in assays relying on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms where two fluorophores are used.

To provide a compound having an effect for preventing photolysis of a liquid crystal composition, and having a high solubility in the liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound, and a liquid crystal display device including the composition. The compound is represented by formula (1), the liquid crystal composition contains the compound, and the liquid crystal display device includes the composition. ##STR00001## In formula (1), R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 4 carbons; ring A.sup.1 and ring A.sup.2 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene or the like; Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are independently a single bond, alkylene or the like; and n is 0, 1 or 2.

To provide a compound having an effect for preventing photolysis of a liquid crystal composition, and having a high solubility in the liquid crystal composition, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound, and a liquid crystal display device including the composition. The compound is represented by formula (1), the liquid crystal composition contains the compound, and the liquid crystal display device includes the composition. ##STR00001## In formula (1), R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are independently hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 4 carbons; ring A.sup.1 and ring A.sup.2 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene or the like; Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3 are independently a single bond, alkylene or the like; and n is 0, 1 or 2.

The invention provides heterocyclic compounds with quaternary centers and methods of preparing compounds. Methods include the method for the preparation of a compound of Formula (II): ##STR00001##
comprising treating a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00002##
with a transition metal catalyst and under alkylation conditions as valence and stability permit.

The present invention relates to a coumarin derivative of Formula (L) for detection of cysteine and process for preparation thereof. The present invention further relates to a process of detection of cysteine residues present in protein as well as the cysteine released by the enzymatic action of aminoacylase 1 by using coumarin derivative of Formula (L). ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to 2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl) aniline dihydrochloride monohydrate and a preparation method of the same. The 2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl) aniline dihydrochloride monohydrate has a very good crystal form and is well suitable for recrystallization purification; further, the effect of impurity removal effect is very good, and any single impurity can be controlled less than 0.1%.

The present invention relates to 2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl) aniline dihydrochloride monohydrate and a preparation method of the same. The 2-isopropoxy-5-methyl-4-(piperidin-4-yl) aniline dihydrochloride monohydrate has a very good crystal form and is well suitable for recrystallization purification; further, the effect of impurity removal effect is very good, and any single impurity can be controlled less than 0.1%.

Small molecule compounds derived from -sulfophenylacetic amide (SPAA) are provided as novel sulfonic acid based pTyr mimetics. These compounds effectively inhibit a variety of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), such as mPTPA, mPTPB, LMWPTP, and Laforin. Use of these compounds as pharmaceutical agents for treating diseases associated with abnormal protein tyrosine phosphatase activity is also provided.

Small molecule compounds derived from -sulfophenylacetic amide (SPAA) are provided as novel sulfonic acid based pTyr mimetics. These compounds effectively inhibit a variety of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), such as mPTPA, mPTPB, LMWPTP, and Laforin. Use of these compounds as pharmaceutical agents for treating diseases associated with abnormal protein tyrosine phosphatase activity is also provided.