The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1) or a palladium(II) complex of formula (2).

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R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.18, R.sub.19, R.sub.20, R.sub.21, R.sub.22, R.sub.23 and R.sub.24, m, E and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complexes, and their use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present invention relates to aromatic compounds suitable for preparation of asymmetric polydentate ligands. The present invention further describes a process for preparing asymmetric polydentate ligands and metal complexes comprising these ligands which are suitable for use as emitters in organic electroluminescent devices.

The present invention relates to aromatic compounds suitable for preparation of asymmetric polydentate ligands. The present invention further describes a process for preparing asymmetric polydentate ligands and metal complexes comprising these ligands which are suitable for use as emitters in organic electroluminescent devices.

A target bipyridine compound is synthesized with high purity and a high yield in a simple and safe manner in a short period of time. A method for synthesizing a di-tert-butyl-2,2-bipyridine compound is provided, and the method includes a step of reacting, in a reaction solvent, a tert-butylpyridine compound with a dispersion product obtained by dispersing an alkali metal in a dispersion solvent. A method for synthesizing a bipyridine compound having no substituents is also provided, and the method includes a step of reacting, in a reaction solvent, pyridine with a dispersion product obtained by dispersing an alkali metal in a dispersion solvent.

A target bipyridine compound is synthesized with high purity and a high yield in a simple and safe manner in a short period of time. A method for synthesizing a di-tert-butyl-2,2-bipyridine compound is provided, and the method includes a step of reacting, in a reaction solvent, a tert-butylpyridine compound with a dispersion product obtained by dispersing an alkali metal in a dispersion solvent. A method for synthesizing a bipyridine compound having no substituents is also provided, and the method includes a step of reacting, in a reaction solvent, pyridine with a dispersion product obtained by dispersing an alkali metal in a dispersion solvent.

The disclosure provides a process of making the compound of Formula I, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: and the process of making the intermediate of Formula III: wherein PG is as defined as set forth in the specification.

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The disclosure provides a process of making the compound of Formula I, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: and the process of making the intermediate of Formula III: wherein PG is as defined as set forth in the specification.

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The present invention relates to a compound of formula (I): ##STR00001## The compound has apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK1) inhibitory activity, and is thus useful in the treatment of diseases such as kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis.

A method of preparing benzyl 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate (I) from benzyl 4,5-difluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate (II) is described. The method includes the use of amination and chlorination process steps to provide the compound of Formula I.

A method of preparing benzyl 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate (I) from benzyl 4,5-difluoro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)picolinate (II) is described. The method includes the use of amination and chlorination process steps to provide the compound of Formula I.