Provided are an electron donor that is easy to handle and can be used to carry out a coupling reaction economically and efficiently through simple operations under mild conditions in a short period of time, and a method for synthesizing 4,4′-bipyridine using the electron donor. The electron donor includes a mixture of a dispersion product obtained by dispersing sodium in a dispersion solvent and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, and this electron donor is used in the method for synthesizing 4,4′-bipyridine.

An organic compound represented by formula [1]. The compounds are of the class of diacenaphthochrysene compound, useful as organic light emitting device. ##STR00001## In the formula [1], R.sub.1 to R.sub.18 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and a substituent.

An organic compound represented by formula [1]. The compounds are of the class of diacenaphthochrysene compound, useful as organic light emitting device. ##STR00001## In the formula [1], R.sub.1 to R.sub.18 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and a substituent.

The present application provides pyridine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine derivatives that activate excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), and methods of using the derivatives for treating or preventing diseases, disorders, and conditions associated with glutamate excitotoxicity.

Disclosed is a method for preparing 2,2′-dipyridine and derivatives thereof. The method includes: using pyridine represented by formula I or a derivative thereof as a raw material to generate 2,2′-dipyridine represented by formula II by performing dehydrogenative coupling under the action of a supported catalyst in the presence of additives, where R is H, C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, Cl, or Br. The method of the present invention features wide adaptability to raw materials, high atomic utilization rate, high catalyst activity, long service life, and fewer by-products.

Disclosed is a method for preparing 2,2′-dipyridine and derivatives thereof. The method includes: using pyridine represented by formula I or a derivative thereof as a raw material to generate 2,2′-dipyridine represented by formula II by performing dehydrogenative coupling under the action of a supported catalyst in the presence of additives, where R is H, C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, Cl, or Br. The method of the present invention features wide adaptability to raw materials, high atomic utilization rate, high catalyst activity, long service life, and fewer by-products.

A compound, or a protonate or salt thereof, of formula I: ##STR00001## wherein Y is aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; n is 1 or 2; each R.sup.10 is independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, a polyether moiety, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, nitro, amino, aryloxy, aryl, substituted aryl, cyano, hydroxyl, carbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, acyl, sulfonyl, or substituted sulfonyl; a is 0 to 4; ##STR00002##
is an aryl or heteroaryl ring; and each R is independently halogen, carbonylamino, sulfonamide, carboxylic acid or hydrogen, provided at least one R is a halogen; and provided that if Y is ##STR00003##
are not ##STR00004##
respectively.

A compound, or a protonate or salt thereof, of formula I: ##STR00001## wherein Y is aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; n is 1 or 2; each R.sup.10 is independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, a polyether moiety, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, nitro, amino, aryloxy, aryl, substituted aryl, cyano, hydroxyl, carbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, acyl, sulfonyl, or substituted sulfonyl; a is 0 to 4; ##STR00002##
is an aryl or heteroaryl ring; and each R is independently halogen, carbonylamino, sulfonamide, carboxylic acid or hydrogen, provided at least one R is a halogen; and provided that if Y is ##STR00003##
are not ##STR00004##
respectively.

An organic compound represented by formula [1]. The compounds are of the class of diacenaphthochrysene compound, useful as organic light emitting device.

##STR00001##

In the formula [1], R.sub.1 to R.sub.18 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and a substituent.

An organic compound represented by formula [1]. The compounds are of the class of diacenaphthochrysene compound, useful as organic light emitting device.

##STR00001##

In the formula [1], R.sub.1 to R.sub.18 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and a substituent.