Provided is a method for amidating a hydroxy ester compound at a high chemical selectivity. The amidation reaction method for a hydroxy ester compound comprises, in the presence of a catalyst containing a compound of a transition metal of the group 4 or group 5 in the periodic table, reacting at least one kind of hydroxy ester compound selected from the group consisting of an -hydroxy ester compound, a -hydroxy ester compound, a -hydroxy ester compound and a -hydroxy ester compound with an amino compound so as to amidate an ester group having a hydroxyl group at the -, -, - or -position of the hydroxy ester compound.

Provided are: useful novel compounds that exhibit antibacterial activity based on their actions for inhibiting GyrB of DNA gyrase and ParE of topoisomerase IV; and 2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives represented by formula [1]:

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or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Methods and therapeutic compositions are disclosed for treating neurological disorders, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and/or Huntington's disease, using Salubrinal analogs, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof.

The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for modulation, e.g. inhibition, of C-X-C receptor type 4 (CXCR4). The invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising compounds of the present invention and methods of using the compositions in the treatment of various disorders.

Methods of prevention of symptomatic malaria in a malaria-nave, G6PD-normal human subject comprising administering to the human subject a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I). A compound of Formula (I) can be administered prior to potential exposure of a species of Plasmodium, during potential exposure of a species of Plasmodium, and after potential exposure of a species of Plasmodium. The methods of the invention also pertains to kits comprising specific doses of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), and instructions for administration of dosing quantity and frequency. The methods of the invention also pertain to determining doses of Formula (I) that meet the general regulatory requirement for a drug to be efficacious in the prevention of malaria in malaria-nave subjects. The methods of the invention further pertain to using the described algorithm to derive dosing regimens which can provide protection against symptomatic malaria in malaria-nave, G6PD-normal subjects. ##STR00001##

Methods of prevention of symptomatic malaria in a malaria-nave, G6PD-normal human subject comprising administering to the human subject a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I). A compound of Formula (I) can be administered prior to potential exposure of a species of Plasmodium, during potential exposure of a species of Plasmodium, and after potential exposure of a species of Plasmodium. The methods of the invention also pertains to kits comprising specific doses of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), and instructions for administration of dosing quantity and frequency. The methods of the invention also pertain to determining doses of Formula (I) that meet the general regulatory requirement for a drug to be efficacious in the prevention of malaria in malaria-nave subjects. The methods of the invention further pertain to using the described algorithm to derive dosing regimens which can provide protection against symptomatic malaria in malaria-nave, G6PD-normal subjects. ##STR00001##

Disclosed are compounds of Formula (I), methods of using the compounds as immunomodulators, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. The compounds are useful in treating, preventing or ameliorating diseases or disorders such as cancer or infections.

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Disclosed are compounds of Formula (I), methods of using the compounds as immunomodulators, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. The compounds are useful in treating, preventing or ameliorating diseases or disorders such as cancer or infections.

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The invention relates to new compounds with low cytotoxicity for blocking ubiquitination-proteasome system in diseases. Accordingly, these compounds can be used in treatment of treating disorders including, but not limited to, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders and autoimmune disorders and metabolic disorders.

The invention relates to new compounds with low cytotoxicity for blocking ubiquitination-proteasome system in diseases. Accordingly, these compounds can be used in treatment of treating disorders including, but not limited to, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders and autoimmune disorders and metabolic disorders.