A method of making a 2-halonicotinonitrile comprises reacting an alkylidene nitrile with a C1-compound in an organic solvent and a dehydrating agent. The dehydrating agent substantially retards dimerization of the alkylidene nitrile during the reaction. The enamine intermediate that forms from the reaction is cyclized using a halide donor to make the 2-halonicotinonitrile.

A method of making a 2-halonicotinonitrile comprises reacting an alkylidene nitrile with a C1-compound in an organic solvent and a dehydrating agent. The dehydrating agent substantially retards dimerization of the alkylidene nitrile during the reaction. The enamine intermediate that forms from the reaction is cyclized using a halide donor to make the 2-halonicotinonitrile.

An object is providing an organic electroluminescence element and an illumination device in which a driving voltage does not increase even when a high-productivity sputtering method is used to form a transparent conductive layer of the organic electroluminescence element of a top or top-and-bottom emission type, and hence which has an improved driving voltage. The organic electroluminescence element includes at least a light emitting layer and a transparent conductive layer. Between the light emitting layer and the transparent conductive layer, a transparent protective layer is disposed. The light emitting layer contains a phosphorescence emitting compound. The transparent protective layer contains a metal oxide. The metal oxide is a molybdenum (VI) oxide, a rhenium (VI) oxide or a nickel (II) oxide in an oxygen deficient state.

An object is providing an organic electroluminescence element and an illumination device in which a driving voltage does not increase even when a high-productivity sputtering method is used to form a transparent conductive layer of the organic electroluminescence element of a top or top-and-bottom emission type, and hence which has an improved driving voltage. The organic electroluminescence element includes at least a light emitting layer and a transparent conductive layer. Between the light emitting layer and the transparent conductive layer, a transparent protective layer is disposed. The light emitting layer contains a phosphorescence emitting compound. The transparent protective layer contains a metal oxide. The metal oxide is a molybdenum (VI) oxide, a rhenium (VI) oxide or a nickel (II) oxide in an oxygen deficient state.

The present invention provides a compound of Formula I or Formula II: ##STR00001##
enantiomer, diastereomer, prodrug, solvate, metabolite, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein constituent variables are provided herein. The compounds of Formula I and II are modulators of metalloproteases and are useful in treating diseases associated with metalloprotease activity such as arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, skin disorders, inflammation and allergic conditions.

The present invention relates to compounds defined by formula I ##STR00001##
wherein the variables R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and m are defined as in claim 1, possessing valuable pharmacological activity. Particularly, the compounds are inhibitors of 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1 and thus are suitable for treatment and prevention of diseases which can be influenced by inhibition of this enzyme, such as metabolic diseases, in particular diabetes type 2, obesity, and dyslipidemia.

The present invention relates to compounds defined by formula I ##STR00001##
wherein the variables R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and m are defined as in claim 1, possessing valuable pharmacological activity. Particularly, the compounds are inhibitors of 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1 and thus are suitable for treatment and prevention of diseases which can be influenced by inhibition of this enzyme, such as metabolic diseases, in particular diabetes type 2, obesity, and dyslipidemia.

Provided is a long-lifetime organic light-emitting element having a good device lifetime characteristic. The organic light-emitting device includes: a pair of electrodes; and an organic compound layer placed between the pair of electrodes, in which the organic compound layer includes an iridium complex having a specific structure and a different kind of metal complex.

Provided is a long-lifetime organic light-emitting element having a good device lifetime characteristic. The organic light-emitting device includes: a pair of electrodes; and an organic compound layer placed between the pair of electrodes, in which the organic compound layer includes an iridium complex having a specific structure and a different kind of metal complex.

A rare earth complex is represented by general formula (1).

M.sup.3+.Math.(HC).sub.n.Math.(L.sup.1).sub.m.sub.1.Math.(L.sup.2).sub.m.sub.2.Math.(X.sup.L).sub.3-n(1) [In the formula, HC represents a quinolinonato ligand or coumarinato ligand, L.sup.1 represents, for example, a nitrogen-containing ligand, L.sup.2 represents, for example, water, X.sup.L represents, for example, a halide ion, M.sup.3+ represents a trivalent rare earth metal ion, n represents 1, 2 or 3, m.sup.1 represents 0, 1 or 2, and m.sup.2 represents 0 to 3.]