Disclosed are catalysts comprised of platinum and gold. The catalysts are generally useful for the selective oxidation of compositions comprised of a primary alcohol group and at least one secondary alcohol group wherein at least the primary alcohol group is converted to a carboxyl group. More particularly, the catalysts are supported catalysts including particles comprising gold and particles comprising platinum, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to gold is in the range of about 100:1 to about 1:4, the platinum is essentially present as Pt(0) and the platinum-containing particles are of a size in the range of about 2 to about 50 nm. Also disclosed are methods for the oxidative chemocatalytic conversion of carbohydrates to carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. Additionally, methods are disclosed for the selective oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid or derivatives thereof using catalysts comprising platinum and gold. Further, methods are disclosed for the production of such catalysts.

A process can be used to produce N-vinyl compounds by homogeneous catalysis. In the process, acetylene is reacted with a cyclic compound having at least one nitrogen as a ring member, hearing a substitutable hydrogen residue (cyclic compound C), in a liquid phase in the presence of a ruthenium complex containing at least one phosphine as a ligand (RuCat).

A preparation method and use of a novel pure inorganic solid silicon-based sulfonic acid and/or phosphoric acid catalytic material are disclosed. The surface hydroxyl-rich metasilicic acid is used as the raw material, and by using a sulfonating reagent and/or phosphoric acid, the sulfonic acid group and/or the phosphoric acid group are bonded to the inorganic silicon material by chemical bonding to obtain a pure inorganic solid silicon-based sulfonic acid and/or phosphoric acid catalytic material. The catalytic material can be widely used in many acid-catalyzed organic reactions such as isomerization, esterification, alkylation, hydroamination of olefins, condensation, nitration, etherification, multi-component reactions and oxidation reactions. The inorganic solid silicon-based sulfonic acid and/or phosphoric acid catalytic material of the present invention has the advantages of high acid amount, high activity, good hydrothermal stability, no swelling, simple preparation, low cost, no pollution, no corrosion, easy separation and reusability.

A preparation method and use of a novel pure inorganic solid silicon-based sulfonic acid and/or phosphoric acid catalytic material are disclosed. The surface hydroxyl-rich metasilicic acid is used as the raw material, and by using a sulfonating reagent and/or phosphoric acid, the sulfonic acid group and/or the phosphoric acid group are bonded to the inorganic silicon material by chemical bonding to obtain a pure inorganic solid silicon-based sulfonic acid and/or phosphoric acid catalytic material. The catalytic material can be widely used in many acid-catalyzed organic reactions such as isomerization, esterification, alkylation, hydroamination of olefins, condensation, nitration, etherification, multi-component reactions and oxidation reactions. The inorganic solid silicon-based sulfonic acid and/or phosphoric acid catalytic material of the present invention has the advantages of high acid amount, high activity, good hydrothermal stability, no swelling, simple preparation, low cost, no pollution, no corrosion, easy separation and reusability.

A process for the synthesis of N-alkylated lactams via reductive alkylation. The process of the present disclosure may be conducted by the addition of an aldehyde to a lactam in the presence of a catalyst under a reducing atmosphere.

A process for the synthesis of N-alkylated lactams via reductive alkylation. The process of the present disclosure may be conducted by the addition of an aldehyde to a lactam in the presence of a catalyst under a reducing atmosphere.

A climate-control system can be used to heat or cool a space. The climate-control system may include first and second vessels between which refrigerant and co-fluid may be circulated. The refrigerant may be absorbed into the co-fluid within the first vessel at a first rate. The refrigerant may desorb from the co-fluid within the second vessel at a second rate. Ultrasonic energy may be used to adjust the second rate to substantially match the first rate.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for selectively killing senescent cells, wherein the composition comprises piperlongumine (PL) or derivative thereof. The selective killing of senescent cells may delay aging and/or treat age-related disorders.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for selectively killing senescent cells, wherein the composition comprises piperlongumine (PL) or derivative thereof. The selective killing of senescent cells may delay aging and/or treat age-related disorders.

Lactamium based ionic liquids are described. They comprise at least one of: the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (IV) ##STR00001## wherein n is 1, 2 or 4 to 8, and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; where the reaction product is p-toluenesulfonate, halide, or the halometallate; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (V) ##STR00002## wherein the ring has at least C—C one double bond, and n is 1 to 8, and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide; or the reaction product of a lactam compound having a formula (VI) ##STR00003## wherein n is 1 to 8, m is 1 to 8, and the rings can be saturated or unsaturated; and a Brøsted acid HX; or a Brøsted acid HX, where X is a halide, and a metal halide.