An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is a viologen covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.

An object of the present invention is to provide an organic electroluminescent element containing an organic layer interposed between an anode and a cathode, the organic layer containing at least one light emitting layer, wherein the at least one light emitting layer contains a -conjugated compound having an electron donor portion and an electron acceptor portion in the molecule; the -conjugated compound has a direction vector from an atom having a HOMO orbital in the electron donor portion to an electron cloud of the HOMO orbital, and a direction vector from an atom having a LUMO orbital in the electron acceptor portion to an electron cloud of the LUMO orbital, and the two direction vectors form an angle in the range of 90 to 180 degrees; and the -conjugated compound has a plurality of the electron donor portions or a plurality of the electron acceptor portions.

An object of the present invention is to provide an organic electroluminescent element containing an organic layer interposed between an anode and a cathode, the organic layer containing at least one light emitting layer, wherein the at least one light emitting layer contains a -conjugated compound having an electron donor portion and an electron acceptor portion in the molecule; the -conjugated compound has a direction vector from an atom having a HOMO orbital in the electron donor portion to an electron cloud of the HOMO orbital, and a direction vector from an atom having a LUMO orbital in the electron acceptor portion to an electron cloud of the LUMO orbital, and the two direction vectors form an angle in the range of 90 to 180 degrees; and the -conjugated compound has a plurality of the electron donor portions or a plurality of the electron acceptor portions.

The complex crystal of the present disclosure is a complex crystal having a structure in which supramolecular units each composed of two or more types of molecules are arrayed. Each of the supramolecular units contains a cyanoacrylic acid derivative and a trisubstituted methylamine as the molecules. The complex crystal has, between the supramolecular units, molecular cavities in each of which a guest molecule for which the supramolecular unit is a host is not disposed. The complex crystal of the present disclosure can have a property of incorporating a chemical substance therein and can exhibit a great change in a characteristic when incorporating the chemical substance therein.

An electro-optic element includes a first electroactive film including a first electroactive component sequestered adjacent to a first electrically conductive layer and a second electroactive film including a second electroactive component sequestered adjacent to a second electrically conductive layer. At least one of the first electroactive film and the second electroactive film is capable of reversibly attenuating transmittance of light having a wavelength within a predetermined wavelength range. The first electroactive component can include a first oxidation state and at least a second oxidation state. An amount of the first electroactive component relative to the second electroactive component can be configured to limit formation of the second oxidation state of the first electroactive component.

An electro-optic element includes a first electroactive film including a first electroactive component sequestered adjacent to a first electrically conductive layer and a second electroactive film including a second electroactive component sequestered adjacent to a second electrically conductive layer. At least one of the first electroactive film and the second electroactive film is capable of reversibly attenuating transmittance of light having a wavelength within a predetermined wavelength range. The first electroactive component can include a first oxidation state and at least a second oxidation state. An amount of the first electroactive component relative to the second electroactive component can be configured to limit formation of the second oxidation state of the first electroactive component.

An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is a viologen covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.

The invention relates to bimesogenic compounds of formula I ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.11, R.sup.12, MG.sup.11, MG.sup.12, X.sup.11, X.sup.12 and Sp.sup.1 have the meaning given in claim 1, to the use of bimesogenic compounds of formula l in liquid crystal media and particular to flexoelectric liquid crystal devices comprising a liquid crystal medium according to the present invention.

The invention relates to bimesogenic compounds of formula I ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.11, R.sup.12, MG.sup.11, MG.sup.12, X.sup.11, X.sup.12 and Sp.sup.1 have the meaning given in claim 1, to the use of bimesogenic compounds of formula l in liquid crystal media and particular to flexoelectric liquid crystal devices comprising a liquid crystal medium according to the present invention.

The invention relates to an organic molecule having precisely two units of formula I linked to one another via a single bond or a bridge Y ##STR00001## where Y=a divalent group; X=at each occurrence identically or differently CN and CF.sub.3; D=chemical unit having a structure of the formula I-1: ##STR00002## where #=attachment point of the unit of formula I-1 to the structure of formula I; A and B=independently of one another are selected from the group consisting of CRR.sup.1, CR, NR, N, there being a single or double bond between A and B and a single or double bond between B and Z; Z=a direct bond or a divalent organic bridge which is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9-alkylene, C2-C8-alkenylene, C2-C8-alkynylene or arylene group or a combination thereof, CRR.sup.1, CCRR.sup.1, CNR, NR, O, SiRR.sup.1, S, S(O), S(O).sub.2, O-interrupted substituted or unsubstituted C1-C9-alkylene, C2-C8-alkenylene, C2-C8-alkynylene or arylene group, phenyl units or substituted phenyl units.