An invert oil-based mud (OBM) may include an oleaginous continuous phase, an aqueous internal phase, and an emulsifier. The emulsifier may include one or more of the group consisting of epoxidized methyl oleate, epoxidized methyl linoleate, and epoxidized methyl α-linolenate. The invert OBM may contain the emulsifier in an amount of the range of 0.1 to 10 wt. % (weight percent), relative to the total weight of the OBM.

The present invention relates to methods of activate an isoform of protein kinase C (PKC) for the treatment of neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease and stroke using cyclopropanated or epoxidized derivatives of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The present invention also relates to methods of reducing neurodegeneration using cyclopropanated or epoxidized derivatives of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The present invention relates to methods of activate an isoform of protein kinase C (PKC) for the treatment of neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease and stroke using cyclopropanated or epoxidized derivatives of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The present invention also relates to methods of reducing neurodegeneration using cyclopropanated or epoxidized derivatives of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

This disclosure concerns fatty acid derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the fatty acid derivatives, and methods of using the fatty acid derivatives, for example, to treat inflammation, chronic itch, chronic pain, an autoimmune disorder, atherosclerosis, a skin disorder, arthritis, a neurodegenerative disorder, or a psychiatric disorder in a subject. In some embodiments, the fatty acid derivative is a compound, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a structure according to:

##STR00001##

wherein X is from 1-16 carbons in length, Z is aliphatic from 1-16 carbons in length, or is not present, Y is selected from:

##STR00002##

R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sup.4 is lower alkyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or halide, R.sup.6 is hydroxyl or substituted thiol, and each R.sup.7 is independently hydrogen or fluoride or is not present and the adjacent carbons form alkyne.

This disclosure concerns fatty acid derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the fatty acid derivatives, and methods of using the fatty acid derivatives, for example, to treat inflammation, chronic itch, chronic pain, an autoimmune disorder, atherosclerosis, a skin disorder, arthritis, a neurodegenerative disorder, or a psychiatric disorder in a subject. In some embodiments, the fatty acid derivative is a compound, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a structure according to:

##STR00001##

wherein X is from 1-16 carbons in length, Z is aliphatic from 1-16 carbons in length, or is not present, Y is selected from:

##STR00002##

R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sup.4 is lower alkyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or halide, R.sup.6 is hydroxyl or substituted thiol, and each R.sup.7 is independently hydrogen or fluoride or is not present and the adjacent carbons form alkyne.

The present invention relates to methods of activate an isoform of protein kinase C (PKC) for the treatment of neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease and stroke using cyclopropanated or epoxidized derivatives of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The present invention also relates to methods of reducing neurodegeneration using cyclopropanated or epoxidized derivatives of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The present invention relates to methods of activate an isoform of protein kinase C (PKC) for the treatment of neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease and stroke using cyclopropanated or epoxidized derivatives of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The present invention also relates to methods of reducing neurodegeneration using cyclopropanated or epoxidized derivatives of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

An object of the present invention is to provide a rubber composition having excellent processability, a heterocycle-modified glycerin fatty acid ester, and a production method for the heterocycle-modified glycerin fatty acid ester. The present invention includes: a rubber composition containing a rubber, silica, and a heterocycle-modified glycerin fatty acid ester, in which an epoxy group is modified with a heterocyclic compound having a heterocycle having at least one H—N< bond, where the heterocycle is at least one selected from the group consisting of a piperazine ring, a morpholine ring, and a thiomorpholine ring, and the heterocycle may have a substituent; the heterocycle-modified glycerin fatty acid ester; and a production method therefor.

This disclosure concerns fatty acid derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the fatty acid derivatives, and methods of using the fatty acid derivatives, for example, to treat inflammation, chronic itch, chronic pain, an autoimmune disorder, atherosclerosis, a skin disorder, arthritis, a neurodegenerative disorder, or a psychiatric disorder in a subject. In some embodiments, the fatty acid derivative is a compound, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a structure according to:

##STR00001##

wherein X is from 1-16 carbons in length, Z is aliphatic from 1-16 carbons in length, or is not present, Y is selected from:

##STR00002##

R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sup.4 is lower alkyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or halide, R.sup.6 is hydroxyl or substituted thiol, and each R.sup.7 is independently hydrogen or fluoride or is not present and the adjacent carbons form alkyne.

This disclosure concerns fatty acid derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the fatty acid derivatives, and methods of using the fatty acid derivatives, for example, to treat inflammation, chronic itch, chronic pain, an autoimmune disorder, atherosclerosis, a skin disorder, arthritis, a neurodegenerative disorder, or a psychiatric disorder in a subject. In some embodiments, the fatty acid derivative is a compound, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a structure according to:

##STR00001##

wherein X is from 1-16 carbons in length, Z is aliphatic from 1-16 carbons in length, or is not present, Y is selected from:

##STR00002##

R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl, R.sup.4 is lower alkyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, or halide, R.sup.6 is hydroxyl or substituted thiol, and each R.sup.7 is independently hydrogen or fluoride or is not present and the adjacent carbons form alkyne.