A photoresist composition containing (A) a polymer having a structural unit (I) that includes an acid-labile group, and (I) a compound represented by the following formula (1). In the following formula (1), R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. X represents a single bond, an oxygen atom or —NR.sup.a—. R.sup.a represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group or a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and optionally taken together represents a ring structure by binding with R each other. A.sup.− represents —SO.sub.3.sup.− or —CO.sub.2.sup.−. M.sup.+ represents a monovalent onium cation. ##STR00001##

A photoresist composition containing (A) a polymer having a structural unit (I) that includes an acid-labile group, and (I) a compound represented by the following formula (1). In the following formula (1), R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. X represents a single bond, an oxygen atom or —NR.sup.a—. R.sup.a represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group or a monovalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and optionally taken together represents a ring structure by binding with R each other. A.sup.− represents —SO.sub.3.sup.− or —CO.sub.2.sup.−. M.sup.+ represents a monovalent onium cation. ##STR00001##

Compounds of formula (I) are photoinitiators or photosensitizers in a photopolymerizable composition:

##STR00001##

R.sub.1 represents a monovalent, linear, branched or cyclic, aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with substituent(s) selected from —Cl, —Br, —OH, ═O, —NH—CO—OR.sub.2, —NH—CO—R.sub.2 or free-radically or ionically polymerizable groups. Each R.sub.2 is independently —H or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; n is ≥1. If n=1, Z and Y are absent and X represents —OR.sub.3; if n is >1, Z represents —OR.sub.4—, Y represents —OR.sub.5— and X represents —H or —OH. R.sub.3 represents —H or R.sub.1; and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each independently represent a bivalent hydrocarbon group. The polymerizable moieties as optional substituents of R.sub.1 are polymerizable double or triple bonds, lactam, lactone and epoxide moieties, which are subjectable to ring-opening polymerization; and two of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may be linked to one another to form a ring or a dimer.

Compounds of formula (I) are photoinitiators or photosensitizers in a photopolymerizable composition:

##STR00001##

R.sub.1 represents a monovalent, linear, branched or cyclic, aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with substituent(s) selected from —Cl, —Br, —OH, ═O, —NH—CO—OR.sub.2, —NH—CO—R.sub.2 or free-radically or ionically polymerizable groups. Each R.sub.2 is independently —H or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; n is ≥1. If n=1, Z and Y are absent and X represents —OR.sub.3; if n is >1, Z represents —OR.sub.4—, Y represents —OR.sub.5— and X represents —H or —OH. R.sub.3 represents —H or R.sub.1; and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each independently represent a bivalent hydrocarbon group. The polymerizable moieties as optional substituents of R.sub.1 are polymerizable double or triple bonds, lactam, lactone and epoxide moieties, which are subjectable to ring-opening polymerization; and two of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may be linked to one another to form a ring or a dimer.

The integrated processes herein provide improved carbon efficiency for processes based on coal or biomass gasification or steam methane reforming. Provided are also ethylene oxide carbonylation products such as beta-propiolactone and succinic anhydride having a bio-based content between 0% and 100%, and methods for producing and analyzing the same.

The integrated processes herein provide improved carbon efficiency for processes based on coal or biomass gasification or steam methane reforming. Provided are also ethylene oxide carbonylation products such as beta-propiolactone and succinic anhydride having a bio-based content between 0% and 100%, and methods for producing and analyzing the same.

A method of treatment or prevention of fibrosis of human tissue or organ. The method includes administering a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I).

A method of treatment or prevention of fibrosis of human tissue or organ. The method includes administering a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I).

Provided are compounds of Formula (II) that enhance the efficacy of viruses by increasing spread of the virus in cells, increasing the titer of virus in cells, or increasing the antigen expression from a virus, gene or trans-gene expression from a virus, or virus protein expression in cells. Other uses, compositions and methods of using same are also provided. ##STR00001##

Provided are compounds of Formula (II) that enhance the efficacy of viruses by increasing spread of the virus in cells, increasing the titer of virus in cells, or increasing the antigen expression from a virus, gene or trans-gene expression from a virus, or virus protein expression in cells. Other uses, compositions and methods of using same are also provided. ##STR00001##