An additive for a light-emitting layer contains a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

where X is P, C, or S; A is a cyclic hydrocarbon group that may have H, a direct bond, a chain hydrocarbon group, or a heteroatom; R is H or an alkyl group, and a plurality of R may link together to form a ring, and if said ring is formed, at least one R is an alkyl group; m is 0 or 1; r is 1 when X is a phosphorous atom or a carbon atom and 2 when X is a sulfur atom; n is a number represented by 3-m when X is a phosphorous atom, and a number represented by 2-m if X is a carbon atom or a sulfur atom; and p is 1 when m is 0, at least 1 when m is 1, and is a substitutable number in A.

Provided is a silyl ether-containing sulfonate salt that contains an anion represented by formula (1) and a cation. ##STR00001##
(In the formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently a C1-4 alkyl group. m is an integer from 1 to 3. n is an integer from 2 to 8.)

A multi-branched cationic phosphonium salt is provided. The multi-branched cationic phosphonium salt has a structure represented by formula (I):

{Z[P.sup.+(R.sup.1)(R.sup.2)(R.sup.3)].sub.n}(X.sup.).sub.n(I) wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is independently a linear or branched C.sub.1C.sub.10 alkyl group, X.sup. is an organic or inorganic anion, and Z has a structure represented by Formula (IIb) or Formula (IIc):

##STR00001## wherein a is an integer of 115. In Formulas (IIb) and (IIc), Z is connected to [P.sup.+(R.sup.1)(R.sup.2)(R.sup.3)] at the position marked by an asterisk (*), and n is an integer of 34.

An electrolyte for Li-ion and other secondary electrochemical cells includes an FSI anion and at least one of methyltriethylphosphonium; trimethylisobutylphosphonium; methyltributylphosphonium; and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium. The electrolyte uniquely enables stable cell cycling even when water is present in the electrolyte at levels as high as 5000 ppm. Methyltriethylphosphonium and trimethylisobutylphosphonium-containing electrolytes are particularly effective in this water-stabilizing capacity.

A polymer composition includes a conductive polymer and at least one stretchability and electrical conductivity (STEC) enhancer, wherein a content of the STEC enhancer in the composition is at least about 1 wt. % of the composition.

1,7-diaryl-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione derivatives, methods for the production and use thereof.

A novel class of compounds is described here. The disclosed novel compounds have one hydrophilic group and two identical hydrophilic ionic groups. The two hydrophilic groups of the disclosed compounds contain or end with a cationic or anionic charged group. The disclosed novel compounds herein can be used as surfactants in an article, product, or composition, or for some other purposes. A method to synthesize the disclosed novel compounds is also described.

Condensation of fluoro-substituted and silyl-substituted monomers provides polymers suitable for use, e.g., as engineering polymers. A monomer composition is condensed in the presence of a bifluoride or poly(hydrogen fluoride) fluoride salt. The monomer composition contains a compound of formula F-X-F and a compound of formula (R.sup.1).sub.3SiZSi(R.sup.1).sub.3, and forms an alternating X-Z polymer chain and a silyl fluoride byproduct. X has the formula -A(-R.sup.2-A)n-; each A is SO.sub.2, C(O), or Het; R.sup.2 is an organic moiety; n is 0 or 1; Het is an aromatic nitrogen heterocycle; Z has the formula -L-R.sup.3-L-; each L is O, S, or N(R.sup.4); and each R.sup.3 is an organic moiety, and R.sup.4 comprises H or an organic moiety.

Some embodiments described herein relate to ionic liquids comprising an anion of a heteraromatic compound such as optionally substituted pyrrolide, optionally substituted pyrazolide, optionally substituted indolide, optionally substituted phospholide, or optionally substituted imidazolide. Methods and devices for gas separation or gas absorption related to these ionic liquids are also described herein.

An ionic liquid that is a salt has a Formula: ##STR00001##
Such ionic liquids may be used in electrolytes and in electrochemical cells.