A limonene-based flame-retardant compound, a method of making a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that includes a limonene-based flame-retardant compound are provided. In an embodiment, the method includes forming a limonene-based derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule; reacting the limonene-based derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a limonene-based flame-retardant compound; and forming a flame-retardant polymer from the limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In some embodiments, the limonene-based flame-retardant compound has variable functionality including vinyl, epoxide, methylene bridges, and thioethers.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.

A process of forming a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule with a phosphonate/phosphinate molecule that includes a chloride group and a terminal functional group.

A pinene-based flame retardant compound, a process for forming a flame retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a pinene-based flame retardant polymer are disclosed. The pinene-based flame retardant compound includes a pinene derivative core and at least one flame retardant substituent having a phosphorus-based moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant polymer includes obtaining pinene, forming a derivative of pinene, obtaining a phosphorus-based compound, reacting the phosphorus-based compound and the pinene derivative to form a pinene-based flame retardant compound, and incorporating the pinene-based flame retardant compound into a polymer to form the pinene-based flame retardant polymer.

A process of forming a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule with a phosphonate/phosphinate molecule that includes a chloride group and a terminal functional group.

A limonene-based flame-retardant compound, a method of making a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that includes a limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In an embodiment, the method includes forming a limonene-based derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule; reacting the limonene-based derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a limonene-based flame-retardant compound; and forming a flame-retardant polymer from the limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In some embodiments, the limonene-based flame-retardant compound has variable functionality including vinyl, epoxide, methylene bridges, and thioethers.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, or propylene carbonate substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer, and then polymerizing the flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A pinene-based flame retardant compound, a process for forming a flame retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a pinene-based flame retardant polymer are disclosed. The pinene-based flame retardant compound includes a pinene derivative core and at least one flame retardant substituent having a phosphorus-based moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant polymer includes obtaining pinene, forming a derivative of pinene, obtaining a phosphorus-based compound, reacting the phosphorus-based compound and the pinene derivative to form a pinene-based flame retardant compound, and incorporating the pinene-based flame retardant compound into a polymer to form the pinene-based flame retardant polymer.

A limonene-based flame-retardant compound, a method of making a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that includes a limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In an embodiment, the method includes forming a limonene-based derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule; reacting the limonene-based derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a limonene-based flame-retardant compound; and forming a flame-retardant polymer from the limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In some embodiments, the limonene-based flame-retardant compound has variable functionality including vinyl, epoxide, methylene bridges, and thioethers.