The present invention provides IP4-4,6 substituted derivatives, their methods of synthesis and their uses. In some aspects, the IP4-4,6 derivative is a compound of formula I wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3, R.sub.7, and R.sub.11 are OPO.sub.3.sup.2?, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.9 are selected from the group consisting of O(Alkyl).sub.nX, O(Alkyl).sub.yCy(Alkyl.sub.2).sub.y-Z, O(Alkyl).sub.yA(Alkyl).sub.y-Z, and their thiophosphate analogs. Also provided are methods, pharmaceutical compositions and formulations, methods of use, articles of manufacture, and kits for the treatment of diseases and conditions such as pathological crystallization-related diseases and conditions.

The invention relates to a method for preparing substituted thiolactones of formula (I), new substituted thiolactones of formula (I) that can be obtained by carrying out said method, and the use of substituted thiolactones of formula (I) or (I) for synthesizing polymers or functionalizing surfaces or polymers.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion element, including a first electrode that has a photosensitive layer containing a light absorbing agent on a conductive support, in which the light absorbing agent contains a compound having a perovskite-type crystal structure that has an organic cation represented by Formulas (1) and (2), a cation of a metal atom, and an anion; and a solar cell which is formed of this photoelectric conversion element.

C(R.sup.1)(R.sup.2)(R.sup.3)N(R.sup.1a).sub.3.sup.+Formula (1)

R.sup.4NR.sup.2a.sub.3.sup.+Formula (2)

R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 represent specific substituent that may be different from each other. R.sup.1a and R.sup.2a represent a hydrogen atom or a specific substituent.

The present disclosure provides certain bicyclic heteroaryl phosphonate compounds that inhibit ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) enzymatic activity and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases and conditions Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I) ##STR00001## where R.sup.1 is selected from (C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl; R.sup.2 is selected from (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl; R.sup.3 is (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl; and R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may each independently be substituted by one or more substituents selected from (C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl-(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, O(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, S(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, S(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, COO(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, COO(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, CONH(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, CONH(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, CO(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, COO(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, N[(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl].sub.2, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl-O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl-O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, COOH, OH, SO.sub.3H, NH.sub.2, halogen. The invention further relates to Pd complexes comprising the compound according to the invention and to the use thereof in alkoxycarbonylation.

Disclosed is a rare-earth complex polymer including trivalent rare-earth ions and a phosphine oxide bidentate ligand represented by the formula (1). One phosphine oxide bidentate ligand is coordinated to the two rare-earth ions, and crosslinks the same.

##STR00001##

Disclosed are compounds of Formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V):

##STR00001##

and/or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is OH or OP(O)(OH).sub.2, and X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, R.sub.2, R.sub.2a, R.sub.a, R.sub.b, and R.sub.c are defined herein. Also disclosed are methods of using such compounds as selective agonists for G protein-coupled receptor S1P.sub.1, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. These compounds are useful in treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas, such as autoimmune diseases and vascular disease.

The invention relates to a compound of formula (I) ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 are each a heteroaryl radical having five ring atoms, R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 are each independently selected from (C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl; R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 may each independently be substituted by one or more substituents selected from (C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl-(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, O(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, S(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, S(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, COO(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, COO(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, CONH(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, CONH(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, CO(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, CO(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, N[(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl].sub.2, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl-O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl-O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, COOH, OH, SO.sub.3H, NH.sub.2, halogen; and R.sup.2 and R.sup.4, if they are (C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl or (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, may each independently be substituted by one or more substituents selected from (C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-heterocycloalkyl, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl-(C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, O(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, S(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, S(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, COO(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, COO(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, CONH(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, CONH(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, CO(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, CO(C.sub.3-C.sub.12)-cycloalkyl, N[(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl].sub.2, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.6-C.sub.20)-aryl-O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl-(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, (C.sub.3-C.sub.20)-heteroaryl-O(C.sub.1-C.sub.12)-alkyl, COOH, OH, SO.sub.3H, NH.sub.2, halogen;
excluding the compounds of the formulae (1) and (2) ##STR00002## The invention further relates to precursors for preparation of the compound according to the invention, to Pd complexes comprising the compound according to the invention and to the use thereof in alkoxycarbonylation.

The present invention provides for novel compounds of Formulas I and II and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and co-crystals thereof which have glucokinsae activator activity. The present invention further provides for pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same as well as methods of treating, preventing, delaying the time to onset or reducing the risk for the development or progression of a disease or condition for which one or more glucokinase activator is indicated, including Type 1 and 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. The present invention also provides for processes of making the compounds of Formulas I and II, including salts and co-crystals thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same.

Disclosed are compounds of Formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V): ##STR00001##
and/or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.1 is OH or OP(O)(OH).sub.2, and X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, R.sub.2, R.sub.2a, R.sub.a, R.sub.b, and R.sub.c are defined herein. Also disclosed are methods of using such compounds as selective agonists for G protein-coupled receptor S1P.sub.1, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. These compounds are useful in treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas, such as autoimmune diseases and vascular disease.