A cassette for use in a robotic drive of a catheter-based procedure system includes a housing comprising a cradle configured to receive an elongated medical device having a longitudinal device axis, a connection mechanism coupled to the housing at a position below the longitudinal device axis, and a cover pivotably coupled to the housing using the connection mechanism.

Described herein are systems and apparatus of surgical instruments engineered for integration with robotic surgical systems to enhance precision in surgical procedures. Also described herein are methods of using such surgical instruments in performing surgical procedures. The use of such surgical instruments reduce complications arising from misalignment during surgery. The disclosed technology assists in stages of a surgical procedure that require a precise trajectory to be followed. Surgical instrument guides are attached to a universal surgical instrument guide, which is engineered to attach directly or indirectly with a robotic arm of a robotic surgical system. Surgical instruments can then be precisely guided along an axis defined by the universal surgical instrument guide. Individual instruments are easily inserted and removed from the channel of the universal surgical instrument guide, thus allowing a range of instruments to be used throughout a procedure while maintaining the surgical trajectory.

Certain aspects relate to manually and robotically controllable medical instruments. A manually and robotically controllable medical instrument can include an elongated shaft articulable by pull wires. The elongated shaft can be connected to an instrument handle that attaches to an instrument drive mechanism. The instrument handle can include a pulley assembly on which the pull wires can be mounted. Rotation of the pulley assembly can actuate the pull wires to cause articulation of the elongated shaft. The medical instrument also includes a manual drive input connected to the pulley assembly such that manual actuation of the manual drive input causes rotation of the first pulley assembly and a robotic drive input configured to engage with a robotic drive output of the instrument drive mechanism such that rotation of the first robotic drive output causes rotation of the pulley assembly.

Apparatus and methods are described including acquiring 3D image data of a targeted skeletal portion within a body of a subject, and a 2D radiographic image of the targeted skeletal portion. A machine-learning engine is used to generate machine-learning data based on (i) the 3D image data of the targeted skeletal portion, (ii) a database of 2D projection images generated from the 3D image data, and (iii) respective values of one or more viewing parameters corresponding to each 2D projection image. A computer processor receives the machine-learning data, receives the 2D radiographic image of the targeted skeletal portion, and registers the 2D radiographic image to the 3D image data by using the machine-learning data to find a 2D projection from the 3D image data that matches the 2D radiographic image of the targeted skeletal portion. Other applications are also described.

Certain aspects relate to medical instruments including wrists with hybrid redirect surfaces. Such medical instruments can include, for example, a shaft with a wrist positioned at a distal end. The wrist can include a proximal clevis connected to the shaft and a distal clevis pivotally connected to the proximal clevis. The wrist can also include a static redirect surface, such as a face of a clevis, and a dynamic redirect surface, such as a pulley. The instrument can include an end effector connected to the distal clevis. A plurality of pull wires can extend through the shaft and the wrist and engage with and actuate the wrist and the end effector. A first pull wire segment of the plurality of pull wires can engage the static redirect surface, and a second pull wire segment of the plurality of pull wires can engage the dynamic redirect surface.

A surgical instrument comprises a first member including a drive engageable with a first mating surface of a bone fastener. A second member is rotatable relative to the first member and includes an element engageable with a second mating surface of the bone fastener. The members are engageable with the bone fastener in a release configuration, an intermediate configuration and a locked configuration. Systems, surgical adaptors, spinal implants and methods are disclosed.

A method of using a robotic guidance system for performing surgery on a spine is provided. The method includes utilizing a computerized tomographic scan image of a location on a spinal column of a patient, such that the computerized tomographic scan image is connected to a computer and visible on a monitor connected to the computer. The method also includes attaching a coupling component to the spinal column of the patient, coupling a marker to the coupling component, and imaging, with a fluoroscope, the view of the spinal column of the patient, wherein the fluoroscope image is transmitted to the computer and visible on the monitor and the at marker is clearly visible in the fluoroscope image. The method also includes positioning a cannula, with a robotic mechanism, to a first position relative to a vertebra in the spinal column of the patient, drilling a passage through the cannula into bone of the vertebra in the spinal column of the patient, inserting a guidewire through the cannula into the passage in the bone of the vertebra in the spinal column of the patient, and positioning a screw into the bone of the vertebra in the spinal column of the patient.

A balloon applicator for intraoperative radiation therapy including a treatment head includes a connecting sleeve for attachment to the treatment head. The connecting sleeve has proximal and distal ends, the proximal end having an open end for receiving the treatment head. The distal end includes an inflatable balloon contactor for engaging patient tissue during intraoperative radiation therapy. At least one fluid port is provided for supplying and removing inflating fluid to the inflatable balloon contactor. A system and a method for conducting intraoperative radiation therapy are also provided.

Described herein are systems and apparatus of surgical instruments engineered for integration with robotic surgical systems to enhance precision in surgical procedures. Also described herein are methods of using such surgical instruments in performing surgical procedures. The use of such surgical instruments reduce complications arising from misalignment during surgery. The disclosed technology assists in stages of a surgical procedure that require a precise trajectory to be followed. Surgical instrument guides are attached to a universal surgical instrument guide, which is engineered to attach directly or indirectly with a robotic arm of a robotic surgical system. Surgical instruments can then be precisely guided along an axis defined by the universal surgical instrument guide. Individual instruments are easily inserted and removed from the channel of the universal surgical instrument guide, thus allowing a range of instruments to be used throughout a procedure while maintaining the surgical trajectory.

A compliant medical robot system (50) employing a medical robot (50) and a robot actuation controller (80). The medical robot (50) includes a compliant end-effector (70) adjoined to a robotic arm (60), and the compliant end-effector (70) includes one or more tool actuators (72) adjoined to a tool holder (71) to provide a manual positioning of the tool holder (71) relative to the robotic arm (60). In operation, the robot actuation controller (80) controls an actuation of the tool actuator(s) (72) delineating an actuation parameter to set a manual positionable range of the tool holder (71) relative to the robotic arm (60) in compliance with a tool positioning command specifying the manual positionable range of the tool holder (71) relative to the robotic arm (60).