Disclosed are fluoropolymers with low CWST values and porous membranes made from the fluoropolymers. The fluoropolymer is made up of polymerized monomeric units of the formula A-XCH.sub.2B, wherein A is C.sub.6F.sub.13(CH.sub.2).sub.2, X is O or S, and B is vinylphenyl, and the fluoropolymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of at least 100 Kd and/or a glass transition temperature of at least 33 C. copolymer. The porous membranes are suitable for degassing a variety of fluids.

Provided are a cathode hybrid electrolyte for a solid secondary battery, a cathode including the cathode hybrid electrolyte, a method of preparing the cathode, and a solid secondary battery including the cathode hybrid electrolyte, wherein the cathode hybrid electrolyte includes an ion conductor represented by Formula 1, and an ionic liquid, where at least a portion of the anions of the ionic liquid comprise the same anionic moiety Y.sup. of the ion conductor, ##STR00001## where, in Formula 1, X, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3, Y.sup., and n are the same as defined in the detailed description.

The present invention relates to a UV curable water-based polyelectrolyte composition and a method for producing a polyelectrolyte film using the same, which provides a polyelectrolyte composition comprising: at least one polyelectrolyte selected from Formulas 1 to 3; an acrylate-based material; a cross-linker; a photoinitiator; and a solvent.

The invention relates to a novel synthesis method for forming superacid functional molecules that include monomers, as well as new polymers and copolymers formed from the monomers, and uses for these superacid molecules, polymers, and copolymers. The superacid molecules have an alpha, alpha-difluorosulfonic acid functionality that can be obtained by a reaction between various Grignard reagents and an alkyl(2-fluorosulfonyl)-1,1-difluoroacetate, such as methyl (2-fluorosulfonyl-1,1-difluoroacetate. The molecules, polymers and copolymers would be expected to have enhanced ion conductivity, and would be useful in a variety of applications, including as ion-conductive materials, surfactants, and ion exchange resins.

The present invention provides a conductive material including: (A) a -conjugated polymer, (B) a dopant polymer which contains one or more repeating units selected from a1 to a4 respectively shown by the following general formula (1) and has a weight-average molecular weight in the range of 1,000 to 500,000, and (C) one or more salts selected from the group consisting of a metal salt of carboxylic acid, a metal salt of -diketone, a metal nitrate, a metal carbonate, a metal bicarbonate, a metal halide, and a metal hydroxide, with the metal being selected from the group consisting of cesium, rubidium, barium, and strontium. There can be provided a conductive material which is neutral and highly suitable for a printer, superior in film-formability, and also can form a conductive film having high transparency and conductivity, excellent flexibility and flatness when the film is formed from the material.

##STR00001##

A polymer compound for a conductive polymer including one or more repeating units represented by general formula (1), which has been synthesized by ion-exchange of a lithium salt, sodium salt, potassium salt, or nitrogen compound salt of a sulfonic acid residue, and has a weight average molecular weight in the range of 1,000 to 500,000, ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or methyl group, R.sup.2 represents a single bond, an ester group, or a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may have either or both of an ether group and an ester group, and Z represents a phenylene group, naphthylene group, or ester group. There can be provided a polymer compound for a conductive polymer having a specific super strongly acidic sulfo group, which is soluble in an organic solvent, and suitably used for a fuel cell or dopant for a conductive material.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel sulfur-based positive-electrode active material which can largely improve cyclability of a lithium-ion secondary battery, a positive electrode comprising the positive-electrode active material and a lithium-ion secondary battery comprising the positive electrode. The sulfur-based positive-electrode active material is one comprising: a carbon skeleton derived from a polymer composed of a monomer unit having at least one hetero atom-containing moiety, and sulfur incorporated into the carbon skeleton as the carbon skeleton is formed from the polymer by heat treatment.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel sulfur-based positive-electrode active material which can largely improve cyclability of a lithium-ion secondary battery, a positive electrode comprising the positive-electrode active material and a lithium-ion secondary battery comprising the positive electrode. The sulfur-based positive-electrode active material is one comprising: a carbon skeleton derived from a polymer composed of a monomer unit having at least one hetero atom-containing moiety, and sulfur incorporated into the carbon skeleton as the carbon skeleton is formed from the polymer by heat treatment.

The present invention provides certain polymeric materials, precursors thereof as well as the preparation and uses thereof.

Disclosed are filter aids for use in industrial processes such as metal ore beneficiation dewatering and filtering processes, paper and pulp dewatering processes and sludge dewatering in municipal waste treatment. The filter aid provides increased filtering efficiency, and reduced filter cake moisture levels.