The invention is directed to electrochemical detection systems, components thereof, materials and methods for making the systems and components thereof, and methods for detecting analytes with the systems. The systems include electrochemical cells containing hydrogels. The hydrogels include polymers with amine-containing pendant groups. The polymers can be cross-linked via the amine-containing pendant groups. The polymers can also or alternatively include enzymes and/or electron shuttles tethered thereto via amine-containing pendant groups. Monomers for making the polymers are provided. The systems can be used to detect analytes such as glucose.

The present invention provides a protein aggregation inhibitor for use in preventing aggregation of a protein, which contains a terminal sulfanyl group-containing sulfobetaine polymer having a repeat unit derived from a sulfobetaine monomer represented by the formula (II), and a noble metal particle, and in which the terminal sulfanyl group-containing sulfobetaine polymer is chemisorbed on the noble metal particle by the sulfanyl group (the groups in the following formula are as defined in the DESCRIPTION).

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a protein aggregation inhibitor for use in preventing aggregation of a protein, which contains a terminal sulfanyl group-containing sulfobetaine polymer having a repeat unit derived from a sulfobetaine monomer represented by the formula (II), and a noble metal particle, and in which the terminal sulfanyl group-containing sulfobetaine polymer is chemisorbed on the noble metal particle by the sulfanyl group (the groups in the following formula are as defined in the DESCRIPTION).

##STR00001##

The present disclosure is directed to resins and to polymers, copolymers, and blends formed therefrom.

A variety of methods and well treatment fluids are disclosed, including, in one embodiment, a method of treating a subterranean formation, comprising contacting the subterranean formation with a well treatment additive, wherein the well treatment additive comprises an ionic liquid comprising a cation and an anion having the following formula: [R.sub.1R.sub.2R.sub.3R.sub.4N].sup.+[X].sup.?, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 are individually selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, and a combination thereof provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 is the hydroxyalkyl group, and wherein the anion X.sup.? comprises at least one anion selected from the group consisting of F.sup.?, Cl.sup.?, Br.sup.?, I.sup.?, H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup.?, HPO.sub.4.sup.2?, PO.sub.4.sup.3?, HSO.sub.4.sup.?, C.sub.7H.sub.7OSO.sub.3.sup.?, C.sub.7H.sub.7SO.sub.3.sup.?, SO.sub.4.sup.2?, CH.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.?, C.sub.2H.sub.5OSO.sub.3.sup.?, CH.sub.3OSO.sub.3.sup.?, C.sub.2H.sub.5OSO.sub.3.sup.?, and combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, a well treatment fluid comprises a base fluid and a well treatment additive comprising the ionic liquid.

A variety of methods and well treatment fluids are disclosed, including, in one embodiment, a method of treating a subterranean formation, comprising contacting the subterranean formation with a well treatment additive, wherein the well treatment additive comprises an ionic liquid comprising a cation and an anion having the following formula: [R.sub.1R.sub.2R.sub.3R.sub.4N].sup.+[X].sup.?, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 are individually selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, a hydroxyalkyl group, and a combination thereof provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 is the hydroxyalkyl group, and wherein the anion X.sup.? comprises at least one anion selected from the group consisting of F.sup.?, Cl.sup.?, Br.sup.?, I.sup.?, H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup.?, HPO.sub.4.sup.2?, PO.sub.4.sup.3?, HSO.sub.4.sup.?, C.sub.7H.sub.7OSO.sub.3.sup.?, C.sub.7H.sub.7SO.sub.3.sup.?, SO.sub.4.sup.2?, CH.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.?, C.sub.2H.sub.5OSO.sub.3.sup.?, CH.sub.3OSO.sub.3.sup.?, C.sub.2H.sub.5OSO.sub.3.sup.?, and combinations thereof. In one or more embodiments, a well treatment fluid comprises a base fluid and a well treatment additive comprising the ionic liquid.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of changing the glass transition temperature of a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer includes at least one hydrazone-containing compound. In general, the methods of the present disclosure include one or more of the following steps of: (1) applying light to the polymer; and (2) thereby changing the glass transition temperature of the polymer. In another embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a polymer having a light-adjustable glass transition temperature. In some embodiments, the polymer includes at least one hydrazone-containing compound.

Ligand functionalized substrates, methods of making ligand functionalized substrates, and methods of using functionalized substrates are disclosed.

Ligand functionalized substrates, methods of making ligand functionalized substrates, and methods of using functionalized substrates are disclosed.

Ligand functionalized substrates, methods of making ligand functionalized substrates, and methods of using functionalized substrates are disclosed.