The present invention relates to certain dispersible ionomer powders made of particles consisting in quasi-spherical hollow agglomerates of elementary particles, to a method for their manufacture involving spray-drying of a latex of said ionomer, and to methods of using the same, notably for coating applications.

To provide a polymer electrolyte membrane which can be applied to a polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer, and is capable of producing a polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer having a low electrolytic voltage and excellent in hydrogen gas recovery efficiency, as well as a membrane electrode assembly and a polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer obtainable by using it.

The polymer electrolyte membrane of the present invention contains a polymer electrolyte, of which the hydrogen gas permeation coefficient under the conditions of a temperature of 80° C. and a relative humidity of 10%, is at most 2.4 x 10.sup.−9 cm.sup.3.cm/(s.cm.sup.2.cmHg), wherein the membrane resistance value under the conditions of a temperature of 80° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, is from 50 to 150 mn.cm2.

To provide a polymer electrolyte membrane which can be applied to a polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer, and is capable of producing a polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer having a low electrolytic voltage and excellent in hydrogen gas recovery efficiency, as well as a membrane electrode assembly and a polymer electrolyte water electrolyzer obtainable by using it.

The polymer electrolyte membrane of the present invention contains a polymer electrolyte, of which the hydrogen gas permeation coefficient under the conditions of a temperature of 80° C. and a relative humidity of 10%, is at most 2.4 x 10.sup.−9 cm.sup.3.cm/(s.cm.sup.2.cmHg), wherein the membrane resistance value under the conditions of a temperature of 80° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, is from 50 to 150 mn.cm2.

To provide a sulfonic acid group-containing polymer which is capable of forming a low hydrogen permeable membrane, which shows a high ion exchange capacity, and which shows a proper softening temperature. The sulfonic acid group-containing polymer has units u1 represented by the following formula u1, units u2 represented by the following formula u2, and units u3 based on tetrafluoroethylene,

##STR00001##

in the formula u1, R.sup.F1 and R.sup.F2 are each independently a C.sub.1-3 perfluoroalkylene group, and Z.sup.+ is a hydrogen ion, a metal ion, or an ammonium ion,

—[CF.sub.2—CF(CF.sub.2O—R.sup.f1)]—  Formula u2

in the formula u2, R.sup.f1 is a perfluoroalkyl group which may contain a SO.sub.3.sup.−Z.sup.+ group and/or an etheric oxygen atom.

To provide a sulfonic acid group-containing polymer which is capable of forming a low hydrogen permeable membrane, which shows a high ion exchange capacity, and which shows a proper softening temperature. The sulfonic acid group-containing polymer has units u1 represented by the following formula u1, units u2 represented by the following formula u2, and units u3 based on tetrafluoroethylene,

##STR00001##

in the formula u1, R.sup.F1 and R.sup.F2 are each independently a C.sub.1-3 perfluoroalkylene group, and Z.sup.+ is a hydrogen ion, a metal ion, or an ammonium ion,

—[CF.sub.2—CF(CF.sub.2O—R.sup.f1)]—  Formula u2

in the formula u2, R.sup.f1 is a perfluoroalkyl group which may contain a SO.sub.3.sup.−Z.sup.+ group and/or an etheric oxygen atom.

Provided are a perovskite optoelectronic device containing an exciton buffer layer, and a method for manufacturing the same. The optoelectronic device of the present invention comprises: an exciton buffer layer in which a first electrode, a conductive layer disposed on the first electrode and comprising a conductive material, and a surface buffer layer containing fluorine-based material having lower surface energy than the conductive material are sequentially deposited; a photoactive layer disposed on the exciton buffer layer and containing a perovskite photoactive layer; and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. Accordingly, a perovskite is formed with a combined FCC and BSS crystal structure in a nanoparticle photoactive layer. The present invention can also form a lamellar or layered structure in which an organic plane and an inorganic plane are alternatively deposited; and an exciton can be bound by the inorganic plane, thereby being capable of expressing high color purity.

Provided are a perovskite optoelectronic device containing an exciton buffer layer, and a method for manufacturing the same. The optoelectronic device of the present invention comprises: an exciton buffer layer in which a first electrode, a conductive layer disposed on the first electrode and comprising a conductive material, and a surface buffer layer containing fluorine-based material having lower surface energy than the conductive material are sequentially deposited; a photoactive layer disposed on the exciton buffer layer and containing a perovskite photoactive layer; and a second electrode disposed on the photoactive layer. Accordingly, a perovskite is formed with a combined FCC and BSS crystal structure in a nanoparticle photoactive layer. The present invention can also form a lamellar or layered structure in which an organic plane and an inorganic plane are alternatively deposited; and an exciton can be bound by the inorganic plane, thereby being capable of expressing high color purity.

Provided are a polymer composition that can suppress bubbling during membrane formation and peeling of a laminated membrane and an ion-exchange membrane. The polymer composition is a polymer composition including: a fluorine-containing copolymer including a unit (a) derived from a perfluorovinyl compound having a side chain having an ionic group and a unit (b) derived from a fluoroolefin; and a low molecular weight compound (a) having a functional group represented by —COOX (X is H, NH.sub.4, or a monovalent metal ion), wherein a content of the low molecular weight compound (a) is 600 ppm or less based on a mass of the polymer composition.

Provided are a polymer composition that can suppress bubbling during membrane formation and peeling of a laminated membrane and an ion-exchange membrane. The polymer composition is a polymer composition including: a fluorine-containing copolymer including a unit (a) derived from a perfluorovinyl compound having a side chain having an ionic group and a unit (b) derived from a fluoroolefin; and a low molecular weight compound (a) having a functional group represented by —COOX (X is H, NH.sub.4, or a monovalent metal ion), wherein a content of the low molecular weight compound (a) is 600 ppm or less based on a mass of the polymer composition.

To provide a membrane electrode assembly which can suppress cracking of the catalyst layers.

The membrane electrode assembly of the present invention is a membrane electrode assembly comprising an anode having a catalyst layer containing a proton-conductive polymer, a cathode having a catalyst layer containing a proton-conductive polymer, and a polymer electrolyte membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the proton-conductive polymer contained in the catalyst layer of at least one of the anode and the cathode is a polymer (H) having units containing a cyclic ether structure and sulfonic acid-type functional groups, and the polymer electrolyte membrane contains a porous material containing a fluorinated polymer, and a fluorinated polymer (S) having sulfonic acid-type functional groups.