Resin particles each include a binder resin. The binder resin includes an amorphous polyester resin and a crystalline resin. The amorphous polyester resin includes alcohol monomers as one of constituent components. The alcohol monomers include propylene glycol. Abundance of the crystalline resin in a region from an outermost surface of each of the resin particles to a depth of 150 nm from the outermost surface is 4% or less relative to an amount of the crystalline resin in an entire region of each of the resin particles. A radiocarbon .sup.14C content of the resin particles is 5.4 pMC or greater.

The present invention provides a resin capable of contributing greatly to solve environmental problems and problems related to exhaustion of fossil fuel resources and having physical properties suited for practical use. The polyester according to the present invention has a diol and a dicarboxylic acid as constituent components and has an amount of terminal acid of 50 equivalents/metric ton or less.

The present invention provides a resin capable of contributing greatly to solve environmental problems and problems related to exhaustion of fossil fuel resources and having physical properties suited for practical use. The polyester according to the present invention has a diol and a dicarboxylic acid as constituent components and has an amount of terminal acid of 50 equivalents/metric ton or less.

In various examples, methods of forming a polymer (e.g., a condensation polymer including but not limited to a polyester), include the steps of forming a mixture comprising one or more monomer(s), one or more biocatalyst(s), and carbon dioxide. In various examples, the methods are at least partially carried out in sub critical carbon dioxide or supercritical carbon dioxide. In various examples, a polymer is a condensation polymer. In various examples, a fabricated article, which may be a medical article, includes one or more polymer(s).

In various examples, methods of forming a polymer (e.g., a condensation polymer including but not limited to a polyester), include the steps of forming a mixture comprising one or more monomer(s), one or more biocatalyst(s), and carbon dioxide. In various examples, the methods are at least partially carried out in sub critical carbon dioxide or supercritical carbon dioxide. In various examples, a polymer is a condensation polymer. In various examples, a fabricated article, which may be a medical article, includes one or more polymer(s).

The polyester copolymer according to the present disclosure can be extrusion-molded, and thus, can be usefully applied for the preparation of various containers.

A toner comprising a toner particle, wherein the toner particle comprises a binder resin, a resin A, and a resin B, the resin A comprises a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group in a molecule, a substituent of the substituted silyl group is at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 or more carbon atoms, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, and an aryl group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and the resin B comprises an azo group in a molecule.

Polyesters, such as those formed using polyols and di- or tri-carboxylic acids or anhydrides or salts thereof, are used as foam control agents in foodstuff processing. The polyesters are biodegradable and biocompatible while still providing excellent foam control capacity. In addition, polyesters foam control agents of the disclosure can be used with various apparatus while avoiding forming films that otherwise affect apparatus function. The polyesters can be used at various stages during industrial processing of vegetables (e.g., potatoes and beets) and fruits.

A method for preparing a biodegradable polyester elastomer includes a following steps comprising: dissolving a predetermined amount of titanium dioxide in an aqueous mixture of sulphuric acid, DI water, and ethanol to form a first solution; refluxing the first solution in a silicone oil bath and a stirring speed of 300-450 rpm at a temperature of 90-100° C. to form a second solution; preparing a solid superacid catalyst by drying, grinding and calcining sulfated titania and using this catalyst to produce a biodegradable polyester elastomer.

A method for preparing a biodegradable polyester elastomer includes a following steps comprising: dissolving a predetermined amount of titanium dioxide in an aqueous mixture of sulphuric acid, DI water, and ethanol to form a first solution; refluxing the first solution in a silicone oil bath and a stirring speed of 300-450 rpm at a temperature of 90-100° C. to form a second solution; preparing a solid superacid catalyst by drying, grinding and calcining sulfated titania and using this catalyst to produce a biodegradable polyester elastomer.