A limonene-based flame-retardant compound, a method of making a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that includes a limonene-based flame-retardant compound are provided. In an embodiment, the method includes forming a limonene-based derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule; reacting the limonene-based derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a limonene-based flame-retardant compound; and forming a flame-retardant polymer from the limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In some embodiments, the limonene-based flame-retardant compound has variable functionality including vinyl, epoxide, methylene bridges, and thioethers.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.

A levoglucosan-based flame retardant compound, a process for forming a flame retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a levoglucosan-based flame retardant polymer are disclosed. The levoglucosan-based flame retardant compound has phosphorus-based flame retardant functional groups. The process for forming the flame retardant polymer includes providing a phosphorus-based flame retardant molecule, providing levoglucosan, chemically reacting the phosphorus-based flame retardant molecule and the levoglucosan derivative to form a levoglucosan-based flame retardant compound, and incorporating the levoglucosan-based flame retardant compound into a polymer to form the levoglucosan-based flame retardant polymer.

A process for preparing a phosphorus-functional polyethercarbonate polyol, comprising reacting a polyethercarbonate polyol having unsaturated groups with a phosphorus-functional compound of formula (Ia):

##STR00001##

wherein X=O or S; and wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are selected from the group consisting of C1-C22 alkyl, C1-C22 alkoxy, C1-C22 alkylsulfanyl, C6-C70 aryl, C6-C70 aryloxy, C6-C70 arylsulfanyl, C7-C70 aralkyl, C7-C70 aralkyloxy, C7-C70 aralkylsulfanyl, C7-C70 alkylaryl, C7-C70 alkylaryloxy, C7-C70 alkylarylsulfanyl, or wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bridged to one another directly and/or via heteroatoms and are selected from the group consisting of C1-C22 alkylene, oxygen, sulfur, and NR.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen, C1-C22 alkyl, C1-C22 acyl, C7-C22 aralkyl, or C6-C70 aryl radical. A process for preparing a phosphorus-functional polyurethane polymer is disclosed. Phosphorus-functional polyethercarbonate polyol, phosphorus-functional polyurethane polymer, flame-retardant adhesion promoter, filler-activator, flame retardant, flame-retardant coating, foam, sealing compound, thermoplastic, thermoset, rubber, and a moulded body are disclosed.

A limonene-based flame-retardant compound, a method of making a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that includes a limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In an embodiment, the method includes forming a limonene-based derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule; reacting the limonene-based derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a limonene-based flame-retardant compound; and forming a flame-retardant polymer from the limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In some embodiments, the limonene-based flame-retardant compound has variable functionality including vinyl, epoxide, methylene bridges, and thioethers.

A flame-retardant compound, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture are disclosed. The flame-retardant compound includes at least one muconic acid moiety and at least one phosphorus-based moiety. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer includes obtaining a muconic acid compound, obtaining a muconic acid compound, reacting the muconic acid compound with the phosphorus compound to form a flame-retardant compound, and incorporating the flame-retardant compound into a polymer. The article of manufacture comprises a material that contains a flame-retardant compound derived from muconic acid.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.

A flame retardant levulinic acid-based compound, a process for forming a levulinic acid-based flame retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a flame retardant levulinic acid-based polymer are disclosed. The flame retardant levulinic acid-based compound has variable moieties, which include phenyl-substituted and/or R functionalized flame retardant groups. The process for forming the flame retardant polymer includes forming a phosphorus-based flame retardant molecule, forming a levulinic acid derivative, chemically reacting the phosphorus-based flame retardant molecule and the levulinic acid derivative to form a flame retardant levulinic acid-based compound, and incorporating the levulinic acid-based flame retardant compound into a polymer to form the flame retardant polymer.

A limonene-based flame-retardant compound, a method of making a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that includes a limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In an embodiment, the method includes forming a limonene-based derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule; reacting the limonene-based derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a limonene-based flame-retardant compound; and forming a flame-retardant polymer from the limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In some embodiments, the limonene-based flame-retardant compound has variable functionality including vinyl, epoxide, methylene bridges, and thioethers.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.