A novel dopant according to the present disclosure includes an anion represented by the following Formula (1) and a counter cation. In Formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be each at least one group selected from a nitro group, a cyano group, an acyl group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a haloalkyl group, a sulfo group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an halosulfonyl group, and a haloalkylsulfonyl group, or may be a group formed by R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 bonded to each other [—SO.sub.2-L-SO.sub.2—] (where L represents a haloalkylene group). The counter cation may be a radical cation represented by Formula (2), where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent electron-withdrawing groups that may be bonded to each other to form a heterocycle, and R.sup.3 to R.sup.5 represent a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent, or a heterocyclic group that may have a substituent. The dopant is capable of forming an electroconductive composition that shows a high conductivity.

The invention relates to a novel composition comprising n-type organic semiconducting (OSC) polymers and p-type OSCs, to its use as organic semiconductors in, or for the preparation of, organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, perovskite-based solar cell (PSC) devices, organic photo-detectors (OPD), organic field effect transistors (OFET) and organic light emitting diodes (OLED), and to OE, OPV, PSC, OPD, OFET and OLED devices comprising the compositions.

Hydrocarbon proton exchange membranes are disclosed that are composed of a material including a hydrophobic main chain, and acidic side chains. The main chain includes a polyaryl structure that is substantially free of ether linkages and also includes a fluoromethyl substituted carbon. The acidic side chains include a hydrocarbon tether terminated by a strongly acidic group, such as a fluoroalkyl sulfonate group. Chemical stability of the material is increased by removing the ether linkages from the main chain. The hydrophobic main chain and substantially hydrophilic side chains create a phase-separated morphology that affords enhanced transport of protons and water across the membrane even at low relative humidity levels. These materials are advantageous as membranes for use in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, water hydrolysis systems, sensors, electrochemical hydrogen compressors, actuators, water purifiers, gas separators, etc.

Provided is a dopant with which a conductor material having high electrical conductivity can be formed. The present disclosure relates to a dopant containing a radical cation represented by Formula (1) and a counter anion. In Formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 may be the same or different, and each denotes a monovalent aromatic group or a group represented by Formula (r). at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is a group represented by Formula (r), and n indicates the valence of the radical cation and is equal to the quantity (n) of nitrogen atoms in the formula. In Formula (r), Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, and Ar.sup.3 may be the same or different, and each denotes a divalent aromatic group, and Ar.sup.4, Ar.sup.5, Ar.sup.6, and Ar.sup.7 may be the same or different, and each denotes a monovalent aromatic group optionally having a substituent represented by Formula (sb) below. Furthermore, m and n may be the same or different, and each represents an integer of 0 or greater.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure relates to a responsive polymer film, a method of preparing the responsive polymer film, and a sensor using the polymer film.

A terminal functional side chain-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based terpolymer and a preparation method and use thereof is described herein. The terpolymer has the following structural formula:

##STR00001##

where R.sub.1 is a terminal siloxy-substituted swallow-tailed chain with 22 to 52 carbon atoms in total, and t.sub.1 and t.sub.2 each are an integer of 1 to 18; R.sub.2 is a semifluoroalkyl-substituted swallow-tailed chain with 12 to 60 carbon atoms in total and 10 to 46 fluorine atoms in total, t.sub.3 and t.sub.4 each are an integer of 1 to 16, and t.sub.5 and t.sub.6 each are an integer of 1 to 10; and Ar is any one selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, substituent-containing aryl, and substituent-containing heteroaryl, and m and n each are an integer of 5 to 100.

The present invention addresses the problem of providing a fluorine-containing aromatic polymer; a method for producing the fluorine-containing aromatic polymer; etc. The problem can be solved by: a polymer having a monomer unit represented by formula (1) (wherein R.sup.1 in each occurrence is independently a halogen atom, NR.sup.11R.sup.12 (wherein R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 are independently a hydrogen atom or an organic group), or an organic group; n1 is an integer of 0 to 4; two R.sup.1s that can be present in the ortho-positions may form a ring together with two carbon atoms on the adjacent benzene ring, wherein the formed ring may have an organic group as a substituent; and L.sup.1 is a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, -L.sup.11-O—, —O-L.sup.12-O—, -L.sup.13-S—, or —S-L.sup.14-S— (wherein L.sup.11 to L.sup.14 are each independently an alkylene group optionally having one or more substituents); etc.

The present disclosure provides a polymer compound and an organic light emitting device including e same, wherein the polymer comprising a repeating unit represented by the following Chemical Formula 1:

##STR00001##

wherein L, R.sub.1 to R.sub.5, and * are described herein.

A polymer compound has a repeating unit represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1a represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group or an aralkyl group, each possibly substituted and the same or different; and X.sup.1a represents a group selected from formulae (1a) to (1c).] ##STR00002##
wherein R.sup.1c represents an aryl group or a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group, possibly substituted; and R.sup.1d to R.sup.1f represent each independently an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an aralkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, a substituted amino group, a substituted carbonyl group, a substituted carboxyl group, a fluorine atom or a cyano group; and the pairs R.sup.1d and R.sup.1e, R.sup.1f and R.sup.1g, R.sup.1d and R.sup.1f, and R.sup.1e and R.sup.1g may be mutually linked to form a ring together with a carbon atom to which they are linked.

The present specification relates to an organic solar cell including a first electrode; a second electrode; and one or more organic material layers including a photoactive layer, wherein the photoactive layer includes an electron donor and an electron acceptor, the electron donor includes a polymer including a first unit represented by Chemical Formula 1; a second unit represented by Chemical Formula 2; and a third unit represented by Chemical Formula 3, and the electron acceptor includes a non-fullerene-based compound.