A composition comprising a monomer of the general formula (M1) wherein M is a metal or semimetal of main group 3 or 4 of the periodic table; X.sup.M1, X.sup.M2 are each O; R.sup.M1, R.sup.M2 are the same or different and are each an —CR.sup.aR.sup.b—Ar—O—R.sup.c; Ar is a C.sub.6 to C.sub.30 carbocyclic ring system; R.sup.a, R.sup.b are the same or different and are each H or C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl; R.sup.c is C.sub.1-C.sub.22-alkyl, benzyl or phenyl; q according to the valency and charge of M is 0 or 1; X.sup.M3, X.sup.M4 are the same or different and are each O, C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aryl, or —CH.sub.2—; R.sup.M3, R.sup.M4 are the same or different and are each R.sup.M1, H, C.sub.1-C.sub.22 alkyl, or a polymer selected from a polyalkylene, a polysiloxane, or a polyether.

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An infrared absorption composition includes a p-type semiconductor compound including a first structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second structural unit including an electron donating moiety; and an n-type semiconductor compound represented by Chemical Formula 2:

##STR00001## wherein, in Chemical Formula 1, Ar.sup.1, X, R.sup.1a, and R.sup.2a are the same as defined in the detailed description. In Chemical Formula 2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, D.sup.1, D.sup.2, and D.sup.3 are the same as defined in the detailed description.

A method for preparing a hydrogel includes forming a pre-gel comprising polymer and metal salt particles, unidirectionally-shrinking and dehydrating the pre-gel, and impregnating the unidirectionally shrunk and dehydrated pre-gel with an ion solution to crosslink and rehydrate the unidirectionally shrunk and dehydrated pre-gel to produce the hydrogel.

The present invention is directed to nanofilaments for polymer brushes, to polymer brushes comprising the nanofilaments and methods of making the same. In particular, the invention provides water soluble nanofilaments which may be grafted to a surface and which may be functionalised with (bio)molecules.

The present invention provides a thermally expandable microcapsule that has excellent heat resistance and compression resistance and that enables the production of a foam molded article that is less likely to undergo deterioration or appearance defects over a long period of time, as well as a foamable masterbatch and a foam molded article each produced using the thermally expandable microcapsule. Provided is a thermally expandable microcapsule including a shell and a volatile expansion agent as a core agent encapsulated by the shell, the shell containing a black material and a polymer compound.

An organic film forming composition, containing: a material shown by formula (I) and/or (II); and an organic solvent, where R.sub.1 and R.sub.4 each represent a hydrogen atom, an allyl or propargyl group, R.sub.2 and R.sub.5 each represent a substituent, R.sub.3 and R.sub.6 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms. “m” and “i” represent 0 or 1, “k” and “q” represent an integer of 0 to 2, “n” represent 1 or 2, “h”, and “j” represent an integer of 0 to 2 and satisfy the relationship 1≤h+j≤4, and “1” and “r” represent 0 or 1. W represents a single bond or divalent group shown by formulae (3). Each V independently represents a hydrogen atom or linking moiety.

##STR00001##

An object is to obtain a composition capable of: forming a uniform film even by spray coating or even when the composition is applied in the form of ink for inkjet printing; and preventing light emission from a portion other than an ITO electrode surface when the film is mounted on an organic EL device and light is emitted from the device. A conductive polymer composition contains: a composite containing a π-conjugated polymer (A) and a polymer (B) shown by a general formula (1); H.sub.2O (D) for dispersing the composite; a water-soluble organic solvent (C); and a compound (E) shown by a general formula (2). The electric conductivity of a film with a thickness of 20 to 200 nm formed from the conductive polymer composition is less than 1.00E-05 S/cm.

##STR00001##

A conductive composition including a conductive polymer (A), a water-soluble polymer (B) other than the conductive polymer (A), and a solvent (C), wherein a peak area ratio is 0.44 or less, which is determined based on results of analysis performed using a high performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer with respect to a test solution obtained by extracting the water-soluble polymer (B) from the conductive composition with n-butanol, and calculated by formula (I):

Area ratio=Y/(X+Y)

wherein X is a total peak area of an extracted ion chromatogram prepared with respect to ions derived from compounds having a molecular weight (M) of 600 or more from a total ion current chromatogram, Y is a total peak area of an extracted ion chromatogram prepared with respect to ions derived from compounds having a molecular weight (M) of less than 600 from the total ion current chromatogram.

The present disclosure provides fluorescent polyindenofluorene polymers or macromers with unique optical properties that are stable. The polymeric fluorophores are useful in various bioassays formats. The inventive polymers are useful in assays relying on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms where two fluorophores are used.

A conductive composition includes a binding resin and a conductive polymer, wherein the conductive polymer has a quinoid structure and a benzoid structure, and wherein a ratio of a half-width value of a peak intensity corresponding to the benzoid structure to a half width of a peak intensity corresponding to the quinoid structure in Raman spectra obtained by Raman spectroscopy is 0.5 to 12.