An interpenetrating network (IPN) polymer membrane material includes a soft polyurethane interspersed with a crosslinked conducting polymer. The material can be reversibly “switched” between its oxidized and reduced states by the application of a small voltage, ˜1 to 4 volts, thus modulating its diffusivity.

Provided is a method for producing a π-conjugated polymer capable of suppressing an increase in dark current of an organic photoelectric conversion element even if the method includes a purification step including heating. A method for producing a π-conjugated polymer includes: step (I) of heating and dissolving a crude π-conjugated polymer in a solvent to obtain a polymer solution; and step (II) of precipitating a π-conjugated polymer from the polymer solution. In step (I), the content of peroxide in the solvent is 0.1% or less in terms of a relative area ratio measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the electron spin concentration of the π-conjugated polymer is 30×10.sup.16 Spin/g or less and/or 2.5 times or less the electron spin concentration of the crude π-conjugated polymer.

The present disclosure provides the use of a biomolecule, flavin, appended to a polymerizable unit that can then be polymerized to form an electroactive active polymer. The polymer and the flavin unit are comprised of an organic material containing C, H, N, and O atoms. The electroactive functionality is related to the double bonds that are present in the flavin unit that are appended to a non-electroactive backbone. This appended unit is rendered insoluble in the electrolyte of the discussed secondary battery unit. Several different molecular structures are disclosed exhibiting efficacy as energy storage medium in energy storage devices. Compounds have also been synthesized from which these different energy storage molecular structures are produced.

The present disclosure relates to compounds of formula IVa or IVb, or salts thereof, as intermediates in the manufacture of conducting redox polymers. L is a covalent linker moiety and R is a reversible redox group.

The disclosure further relates to conducting redox polymers produced from such compounds, as well as substrates coated with such conducting redox polymers, and organic batteries comprising such conducting redox polymers.

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The present invention provides efficient processes for preparing brush polymers. In general, the process comprises three distinct reaction steps utilizing two separate catalysts. In the first step, the initiating compound comprising norbornene is contacted with a silane in the presence of a catalyst, thereby forming a silated intermediate. This silated intermediate is then contacted with a monomer in the presence of a catalyst via Group Transfer Polymerization (GTP). The resulting compound from GTP is contacted with a ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) catalyst to prepare the brush polymer. Surprisingly, the brush polymers obtained from the above process are accessed in an efficient and rapid GTP methodology as compared to prior methods.

An interpenetrating network (IPN) polymer membrane material includes a soft polyurethane interspersed with a crosslinked conducting polymer. The material can be reversibly “switched” between its oxidized and reduced states by the application of a small voltage, ˜1 to 4 volts, thus modulating its diffusivity.

A method of reacting bis(R.sub.1) 5,5′″-dibromo-3″,4′-difluoro-[2,2′:5′,2″:5″,2′″-quaterthiophene]-3,3′″-dicarboxylate and bis(R.sub.2) 5,5′″-dibromo-3″,4′-difluoro-[2,2′:5′,2″:5″,2′″-quaterthiophene]-3,3′″-dicarboxylate to form the polymer: ##STR00001## In this polymer R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, a substituted alkyl, an unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted aryl, an unsubstituted aryl, a substituted heteroaryl and an unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass a two component composition containing in one component a latent organo-ruthenium carbide catalyst, and in another component a photoactive acid generator or a thermally active acid generator, and either of the components containing a mixture of photoactive compound along with one or more monomers which undergo ring open metathesis polymerization (ROMP) when said components are mixed together and exposed to a suitable radiation (or heat) to form a three-dimensional (3D) object. The three-dimensional objects so formed exhibits improved mechanical properties, particularly, high heat distortion temperature, impact strength, elongation to break, among others. Accordingly, compositions of this invention are useful as 3D inkjet materials for forming high impact strength objects of various sizes with microscale features lower than 100 microns, among various other uses.

Biocompatible polymer hydrogel composite structures, methods of making the composite structures, and methods of using the composite structures as scaffolds for biological tissue growth and regeneration are provided. The methods for making the composite structures start with a porous high resolution three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold in which polymer precursors are infused and then polymerized in situ to form a water-soluble, electrically conducting polymer that is bonded to and/or entrapped within the hydrogel.

Conjugated, electrically conducting polymers (CPs) with the ability to covalently graft onto collagen and collagenic materials are provided. Also provided are methods of functionalizing biological tissues and other biological substrates with the CPs, and methods of using the functionalized biological substrates as cell and tissue growth scaffolds that harness the passive therapeutic benefits of CPs and use the enhanced conductivity provided by the scaffolds to stimulate cell growth and proliferation through the bulk of the biological substrate.