A liquid composition contains a thiophene polymer and a solvent, and the difference |δp.sub.2−δp.sub.1| is 7.7 MPa.sup.0.5 or more and 13.4 MPa.sup.0.5 or less between a dipole-dipole force term δp.sub.1 of Hansen solubility parameter of the thiophene polymer and a dipole-dipole force term δp.sub.2 of Hansen solubility parameter of the solvent.

A repeat unit comprising

##STR00001##

In the repeat unit, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: F, Cl, H, and combinations thereof. Additionally, in this monomer, R′ and R″ are independently selected from an alkyl group, an aryl group, or combinations thereof. Also, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are independently selected from unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms and unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms.

A polymer composition includes a conductive polymer and at least one stretchability and electrical conductivity (STEC) enhancer, wherein a content of the STEC enhancer in the composition is at least about 1 wt. % of the composition.

A method of combining different materials to produce the polymer

##STR00001##

In this polymer X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, and X.sub.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of: F, Cl, H, and combinations thereof. Additionally, in this polymer R.sub.15, R.sub.16, R.sub.17, and R.sub.18 are independently selected from the group consisting of: F, Cl, H, and combinations thereof. Finally, in this polymer R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, and R.sub.8 are independently selected from unsubstituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms and unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms.

A material comprising an electron-accepting unit of formula (I): wherein Ar1 and Ar2 independently is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or is absent; and each X is independently H or a substituent with the proviso that at least one X is an electron-withdrawing group and wherein X groups bound to adjacent carbon atoms may be linked to form an electron-withdrawing group. The material further comprises an electron-donating unit D comprising a fused or unfused furan or thiophene. The material may be a polymer comprising repeat units of formula (I). The material may be a non-polymeric compound. An organic photodetector may contain a bulk heterojunction layer containing an electron acceptor or an electron donor wherein at least one of the electron acceptor and electron donor contains a unit of formula (I).

##STR00001##

According to the present invention, options for materials for organic devices such as materials for organic EL elements are increased by addition of a cycloalkane, by condensation, to a polycyclic aromatic compound in which a plurality of aromatic rings are linked together by boron atoms, oxygen atoms, and the like. By using a novel cycloalkane-condensed polycyclic aromatic compound as a material for an organic EL element, for example, an organic EL element having excellent emission efficiency and element life is provided.

A conductive composition comprising a conductive polymer (A), a water-soluble polymer (B), and a solvent (C1), wherein: the water-soluble polymer (B) comprises a water-soluble polymer (B11) represented by formula (11), and an amount of a water-soluble polymer (B2) represented by formula (2) as the water-soluble polymer (B) is 0.15% by mass or less, based on a total mass of the conductive composition: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 denotes a linear or branched alkyl group with 6 to 20 carbon atoms, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 independently denotes a methyl or ethyl group, R.sup.6 denotes a hydrophilic group, R.sup.7 denotes a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Y.sup.1 denotes a single bond, —S—, —S(═O)—, —C(═O)—O— or —O—, Z denotes a cyano group or a hydroxy group, each of p1 and q denotes an average number of repetitions, and is a number of from 1 to 50, and m denotes a number of from 1 to 5.

A composition for an optical material contains (a) an episulfide compound, (b) a polymerization catalyst, and (c) an ester compound having a halogen at the α position. The (c) ester compound having a halogen at the a position is preferably at least one compound selected from the group consisting of dimethyl chloromalonate, diethyl chloromalonate, dimethyl bromomalonate, and diethyl bromomalonate.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising i) at least one polythiophene comprising monomer units of structure (Ia) or (Ib)

##STR00001## in which *, X, Z, R, and R.sup.1-R.sup.6 are as defined herein; ii) at least one organic compound carrying one or two inorganic acid group(s), preferably one or two sulfonic acid group(s), one or two sulfuric acid group(s), one or two phosphonic acid group(s) or one or two phosphoric acid group(s), or a salt of said organic compound, wherein the molecular weight of the organic compound or the salt thereof is less than 1,000 g/mol; and iii) at least one organic solvent. A method of preparing such compounds is also provided.

Disclosed is a system and method for performing measurements on a biological subject, and in one particular example, to performing measurements of analytes in a biological subject by breaching a functional barrier of the subject using microstructures, wherein the one or more microstructures include molecularly imprinted polymer for binding one or more analytes.