The disclosure relates generally to black-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers having superior properties such as absorbance of across the entire visible spectrum and an obvious color change from black to transmissive with an applied voltage. The disclosure also relates to methods for synthesizing or using the same. Further, the disclosure also relates to black-to-transmissive electrochromic polymer thin films comprising the black-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers, as well as electrochromic devices comprising the black-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers or thin films.

The invention relates to polymers having at least one repeating unit of the following formula (I): wherein Ar.sup.1, Ar.sup.2, Ar.sup.3 and Ar.sup.4, R and X, and a, b, c, d, e and f can have the meanings defined in claim 1, to processes for the preparation thereof and to the use thereof in electronic or optoelectronic devices, in particular in organic electroluminescent devices, so-called OLEDs (OLED?Organic Light Emitting Diodes). The present invention also relates to electronic or optoelectronic devices, in particular organic electroluminescent devices, which contain said polymers.

The present invention relates to the technical field of n-type semiconductor materials. Disclosed are an n-type conjugated polymer, a preparation method therefor, and a use thereof. In the method, using a solvent as a reaction medium, a reaction monomer is reacted under the action of a substance having oxidability to obtain an n-type conjugated polymer. The n-type conjugated polymer comprises one or more polymerization units, and the polymerization unit are of a structure of formula (I) and/or a structure of formula (II), and/or in an enol-type transformation form corresponding thereto. According to the present invention, an aromatic diketone substance having active methylene is a raw material, and is subjected to a direct polymerization reaction by means of the substance having the oxidability. The reaction does not require a noble metal for catalysis, and the n-type conjugated polymer is not sensitive to the reaction atmosphere, has a simple process and low costs, and is suitable for commercial applications. The n-type conjugated polymer of the present invention has excellent electron transport capability, higher conductivity, and better electromagnetic wave shielding effect. The n-type conjugated polymer of the present invention is applied to an organic optoelectronic device, and can achieve an excellent photoelectric effect.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a material for forming an underlayer film for lithography, containing at least any of a compound represented by following formula (1) or a resin including a structural unit derived from a compound represented by the following formula (1),

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 represents a 2n-valent group having a 1 to 60 carbon atoms, or a single bond, each R.sup.2 independently represents a halogen atom, a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a thiol group, or a hydroxyl group, and may be the same or different in the same naphthalene ring or benzene ring, n is an integer of 1 to 4, structural formulae of n's structural units in square brackets [ ] may be the same or different when n is an integer of 2 or more, X represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or an uncrosslinked state, each m2 is independently an integer of 0 to 7, in which at least one m.sup.2 is an integer of 1 to 7, and each q is independently 0 or 1, provided that at least one selected from the group consisting of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is a group having an iodine atom.

An organic semiconducting donor-acceptor (D-A) small molecule, as well as a semiconductor device that can incorporate the D-A small molecule, are disclosed. The D-A small molecule can have electron deficient substituents and R group substituents that can be C.sub.1-C.sub.20 linear alkyl chains, C.sub.2-C.sub.24 branched alkyl chains, hydrogen atoms, etc. The D-A small molecule can be can be synthesized in a reaction between a dithienofuran (DTF) core monomer and an electron deficient monomer. Additionally, the D-A small molecule can be part of an organic semiconducting copolymer. A semiconductor device that can incorporate the D-A small molecule in a photoactive layer is also disclosed herein. Additionally, 3,4-dibrominated furan compound that can, in some embodiments, be a precursor for the D-A small molecule is disclosed. The 3,4-dibrominated furan compound can be synthesized in a reaction involving a furan-2,5-dicarboxylic dimethyl ester (FDME), which can have a bio-renewable precursor.

A graphene nanoribbon has a chiral edge to which a dicarbimide structure is bonded. The dicarbimide structure is an electron-withdrawing group. The width and band gap of the graphene nanoribbon are controlled by a precursor molecule used for a polymerization reaction. Furthermore, n-type operation of the graphene nanoribbon is realized by the dicarbimide structure. In addition, with the graphene nanoribbon, an increase in ribbon length and suppression of a polymerization defect by the stabilization of a reaction intermediate of the precursor molecule, as well as improvement in orientation are realized by the dicarbimide structure.

The invention provides for polyfluoreno[4,5-cde]oxepine conjugates and their use in methods of analyte detection.

An organic semiconducting donor-acceptor (D-A) small molecule, as well as a semiconductor device that can incorporate the D-A small molecule, are disclosed. The D-A small molecule can have electron deficient substituents and R group substituents that can be C.sub.1-C.sub.20 linear alkyl chains, C.sub.2-C.sub.24 branched alkyl chains, hydrogen atoms, etc. The D-A small molecule can be can be synthesized in a reaction between a dithienofuran (DTF) core monomer and an electron deficient monomer. Additionally, the D-A small molecule can be part of an organic semiconducting copolymer. A semiconductor device that can incorporate the D-A small molecule in a photoactive layer is also disclosed herein. Additionally, 3,4-dibrominated furan compound that can, in some embodiments, be a precursor for the D-A small molecule is disclosed. The 3,4-dibrominated furan compound can be synthesized in a reaction involving a furan-2,5-dicarboxylic dimethyl ester (FDME), which can have a bio-renewable precursor.

A polybenzodifuran ladder polymer is disclosed.

An organic semiconducting donor-acceptor (D-A) small molecule, as well as a semiconductor device that can incorporate the D-A small molecule, are disclosed. The D-A small molecule can have electron deficient substituents and R group substituents that can be C.sub.1-C.sub.20 linear alkyl chains, C.sub.2-C.sub.24 branched alkyl chains, hydrogen atoms, etc. The D-A small molecule can be can be synthesized in a reaction between a dithienofuran (DTF) core monomer and an electron deficient monomer. Additionally, the D-A small molecule can be part of an organic semiconducting copolymer. A semiconductor device that can incorporate the D-A small molecule in a photoactive layer is also disclosed herein. Additionally, 3,4-dibrominated furan compound that can, in some embodiments, be a precursor for the D-A small molecule is disclosed. The 3,4-dibrominated furan compound can be synthesized in a reaction involving a furan-2,5-dicarboxylic dimethyl ester (FDME), which can have a bio-renewable precursor.