A method of coupling ##STR00001##
and 5,5-Y-3,3-difluoro-2,2-bithiophene to produce ##STR00002## wherein X can be any known compound capable of coupling with the Y-difluorothiophene and Y is selected from the group consisting of Br, a stannyl group, a boronic ester and a H.

Redox active polycyclic compounds and related electrode material, electrode chemical cell battery, methods and systems are described. In particular, tricyclic compounds having a redox potential of 0.20 V to 2.0 V with reference to Zn/Zn2+ electrode potential under standard conditions are described. More particularly, redox active monomers, dimers, and polymers in which each monomeric unit contains a tricyclic heterocyclic structure are provided as electrode material of a cathode for an electrochemical cell further containing a zinc anode and an aqueous electrolyte.

Compound comprising structural units represented by formula (1) and formula (2): ##STR00001## wherein X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3 and X.sup.4 are the same or mutually different and represent a nitrogen atom or CH; Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are the same or mutually different and represent a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, a selenium atom, N(R.sup.1) or CR.sup.2CR.sup.3; R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are the same or mutually different and represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an amino group, a cyano group or a monovalent organic group; W.sup.1 and W.sup.3 are the same or mutually different and represent a halogen atom, a cyano group or a monovalent organic group; W.sup.2 and W.sup.4 are the same or mutually different and represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group or a monovalent organic group. The structural unit represented by formula (1) and the structural unit represented by formula (2) are not the same.

The disclosed technology relates generally to apparatus comprising conductive polymers and more particularly to tag and tag devices comprising a redox-active polymer film, and method of using and manufacturing the same. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a substrate and a conductive structure formed on the substrate which includes a layer of redox-active polymer film having mobile ions and electrons. The conductive structure further includes a first terminal and a second terminal configured to receive an electrical signal therebetween, where the layer of redox-active polymer is configured to conduct an electrical current generated by the mobile ions and the electrons in response to the electrical signal. The apparatus additionally includes a detection circuit operatively coupled to the conductive structure and configured to detect the electrical current flowing through the conductive structure.

There is provided a material comprising a n-doped electrically conductive polymer comprising at least one electron-deficient aromatic moiety, each electron-deficient aromatic moiety having a gas-phase electron affinity (E.sub.A) of 1-3 eV; and at least one counter-cation covalently bonded to the polymer or to a further polymer comprised in the material, the polymer being n-doped to a charge density of 0.1-1 electron per electron-deficient aromatic moiety, the polymer being capable of forming a layer having a vacuum workfunction (WF) of 2.5-4.5 eV, and wherein all the counter-cations comprised in the material are immobilised such that any electron in the polymer cannot significantly diffuse or migrate out of the polymer. There is also provided a method of preparing the material.

Described herein are compositions including heterocyclic organic compounds. More specifically, described herein are bicyclic thiadiazole-based compounds that are combined with fused thiophenes structures, along with methods for making such compounds, and uses thereof.

The present disclosure relates to a conjugated polymer for a low-temperature process, which is capable of forming a uniform thin film over a large area without a heat treatment process due to superior solubility and crystallinity at low temperature and, thus, allows fabrication of an organic solar cell with high efficiency at low temperature.

An embodiment of the present invention relates to a treatment liquid which contains an ionic compound and a solvent, and is used for adhering the ionic compound to at least one surface selected from the group consisting of a surface on which a layer having hole transport properties is to be formed, and a surface of a layer having hole transport properties.

The present invention provides, among other aspects, stabilized chromophoric nanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are rationally functionalized with a pre-determined number of functional groups. In certain embodiments, the stable chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are modified with a low density of functional groups. In yet other embodiments, the chromophoric nanoparticles provided herein are conjugated to one or more molecules. Also provided herein are methods for making rationally functionalized chromophoric nanoparticles.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for conjugated polymer nanoparticle, method of making conjugated polymer nanoparticles, method of using conjugated polymer nanoparticle, polymers, and the like.