Methods of making solid-state semiconducting films. The methods include forming a mixture by mixing at least two monomers in a pre-determined proportion such that at least one of the at least two monomers contains at least one non-conjugation spacer. Polymerization of the mixture is achieved by reacting the monomers with one another resulting in a solid state polymer which is then purified. The purified solid state polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent to form a homogenous solution which is then deposited onto a substrate, forming a solid-state semiconducting film by evaporating the solvent. Alternatively, the purified solid state polymer is deposited onto a substrate and heated to form a liquid melt, and cooling the liquid melt results in a solid state semiconducting thin film. Also, films comprising a semiconducting polymer composition containing a minimum of one non-conjugation spacer and devices comprising such films.

An electrochemical compressor utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer. The compressor may be part of a refrigeration system that pumps the working fluid in a closed loop through a condenser and an evaporator.

The present invention is a composition for forming a resist underlayer film, containing: (A) a polymer having a structure represented by the following general formula (1) as a repeating unit; and (B) an organic solvent, where the polymer (A) has a molecular weight of 300 to 3,000, and the polymer (A) contains neither a repeating unit containing a hydroxy group as a substituent nor a repeating unit containing a heteroaromatic ring, and where Ar represents an unsubstituted divalent aromatic group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms. This can provide a composition for forming a resist underlayer film with which it is possible to form a resist underlayer film that exhibits much better dry etching resistance than those of conventional organic underlayer film materials.

ArCH.sub.2(1)

A fluoroelastomer comprising a copolymer of fluoroolefin monomers selected from one or more of the group consisting of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and ethylenically unsaturated co-monomers; wherein the fluoroelastomer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of from about 60 C. to about 53 C. A process of making the fluoroelastomer.

A polymer, an organic layer composition, and a method of forming patterns, the polymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1:

##STR00001##

The invention provides a composition for a conductive polymeric material suitable for the production of electrodes for recording electrophysiological signals, such as electrocardiogram (EGG), electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), etc., and signals related to the impedance variation of the body or skin, both deriving from active and passive measures (for example, breathing, electrodermal response, etc.). For this purpose a formulation containing FEDOT and ionic liquids has been developed. The formulation according to the invention can be used generically in the context of detecting bioelectric signals and can be applied on wearable items, in particular in fabric, such as for example garments of different shapes, so as to be in direct contact with the areas of the body subject to detection. The artifacts include diving artefacts, such as watertight suits, and for water sports and submarine surveys, artifacts used in the medical and health sector such as plasters, elastic support bands and adhesive support bands and textile articles, including special fabrics such as bioceramics.

A fluoroelastomer comprising a copolymer of fluoroolefin monomers selected from one or more of the group consisting of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and ethylenically unsaturated co-monomers; wherein the fluoroelastomer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of from about 60 C. to about 53 C. A process of making the fluoroelastomer.

A composition and method of forming a composition including a compound including a poly(phenylene) backbone represented by the following formula: ##STR00001##
wherein each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 may be the same or different and is H or an unsubstituted or inertly-substituted aromatic moiety; wherein Ar.sub.1 is an unsubstituted or inertly-substituted aromatic moiety; wherein R.sub.4 is an alkylene, perfluoroalkyl, polyethylene glycol, or polypropylene glycol moiety; wherein each of R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10 and R.sub.11 is H or a monovalent hydrocarbon group including two to 18 carbon atoms, with the proviso that each R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10 and R.sub.11 cannot be H; and wherein each of Y.sub.6, Y.sub.7, Y.sub.8, Y.sub.9, Y.sub.10 and Y.sub.11 may be the same or different and is H or a functional group are disclosed. The composition can be used as anion-exchange membranes and as an electrode binder material in anion exchange membrane fuel cells.

An anion exchange membrane is made by mixing 2 trifluoroMethyl Ketone [nominal] (1.12 g, 4.53 mmol), 1 BiPhenyl (0.70 g, 4.53 mmol), methylene chloride (3.0 mL), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFSA) (3.0 mL) to produce a pre-polymer. The pre-polymer is then functionalized to produce an anion exchange polymer. The pre-polymer may be functionalized with trimethylamine in solution with water. The pre-polymer may be imbibed into a porous scaffold material, such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene to produce a composite anion exchange membrane.

An electrochemical compressor utilizes an anion conducting layer disposed between an anode and a cathode for transporting a working fluid. The working fluid may include carbon dioxide that is dissolved in water and is partially converted to carbonic acid that is equilibrium with bicarbonate anion. An electrical potential across the anode and cathode creates a pH gradient that drives the bicarbonate anion across the anion conducting layer to the cathode, wherein it is reformed into carbon dioxide. Therefore, carbon dioxide is pumped across the anion conducting layer. The compressor may be part of a refrigeration system that pumps the working fluid in a closed loop through a condenser and an evaporator.