There is disclosed a compound having Formula I ##STR00001##
In Formula I: Ar.sup.1 through Ar.sup.4 are the same or different and are aryl groups; L is a spiro group, an adamantyl group, bicyclic cyclohexyl, deuterated analogs thereof, or substituted derivatives thereof; R.sup.1 is the same or different at each occurrence and is D, F, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, silyl, or a crosslinkable group, where adjacent R.sup.1 groups can be joined together to form an aromatic ring; R.sup.2 is the same or different at each occurrence and is H, D, or halogen; a is the same or different at each occurrence and is an integer from 0-4; and n is an integer greater than 0.

A polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (I): (I) wherein Ar.sup.6 and Ar.sup.7 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group; Sp represents a spacer group comprising a chain of at least 2 aliphatic carbon atoms spacing Ar.sup.6 from Ar.sup.7; m is at least 1; and if m is greater than 1 then (Ar.sup.7)m forms a linear or branched chain of Ar.sup.7 groups in which Ar.sup.7 in each occurrence may be the same or different. ##STR00001##

Methods of metal-catalysed polymerisation are described using a metal catalyst of formula (III):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.3 in each occurrence is independently selected from C.sub.1-10 alkyl and aryl that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; y is 0 or 2; and Z.sup.is an anion. Methods described include Buchwald-type and Suzuki-type polymerisation.

Disclosed herein are new semiconductor materials prepared from dithienylvinylene copolymers with aromatic or heteroaromatic -conjugated systems. Such copolymers, with little or no post-deposition heat treatment, can exhibit high charge carrier mobility and/or good current modulation characteristics. In addition, the polymers of the present disclosure can possess certain processing advantages such as improved solution-processability and low annealing temperature.

A polymer blend including a first polymer having a unit represented by Formula 1 and a second polymer having a unit represented by Formula 2: ##STR00001## wherein in Formulae 1 and 2, R.sub.1 through R.sub.13, l, and m are the same as defined in the detailed description.

A luminescent composition comprising a luminescent organic compound and a conjugated polymer compound having a luminescence maximum further toward the short wavelength end than the luminescence maximum of the luminescent organic compound at 350 nm to 500 nm, and satisfying the following formula (1);
f(g,h)w0.04(1)
in the formula, f(g, h) represents the convolution integral of the emission spectrum of the conjugated polymer compound and the gram absorption coefficient spectrum of the luminescent organic compound (L/g.Math.cm) in the range of 200 nm to 800 nm, in 1 nm steps, and w represents the content of the luminescent organic compound where the total content of the luminescent organic compound and conjugated polymer compound in the luminescent composition is defined as 1 part by mass.

A composition comprising: a light emitting material; and a polymer compound having a constitutional sequence represented by the following formula (1) as a main chain:
-[(Y).sub.nZ].sub.m-(1) in the formula, Y represents a divalent group, in which two hydrogen atoms are removed from a structure represented by the following formula (Y-1) or (Y-2), Z represents a divalent group, in which two hydrogen atoms are removed from a structure represented by the following formula (Z-1), (Z-2), (Z-3), (Z-4), (Z-5), (Z-6), (Z-7), or (Z-8), m represents an integer of 4 to 10,000, and n represents an integer of 1 to 3.

Methods of metal-catalyzed polymerization are described using a metal catalyst of formula (III): wherein R.sup.3 in each occurrence is independently selected from C.sub.1-10alkyl and aryl that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; y is 0 or 2; and Z.sup. is an anion. Methods described include Buchwald-type and Suzuki-type polymerization.

The present disclosure provides fluorescent polyindenofluorene polymers or macromers with unique optical properties that are stable. The polymeric fluorophores are useful in various bioassays formats. The inventive polymers are useful in assays relying on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms where two fluorophores are used.

A copolymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 ##STR00001##
wherein the copolymer is capable of improving luminous efficiency and durability, particularly, an improvement in luminescence life-span, of an electroluminescence device, particularly a quantum dot electroluminescence device.