Described herein are cationic polymers having a plurality of quaternary amino groups, methods of making such polymers, and uses of such polymers as ion exchange membranes in electrochemical devices.

Provided herein are membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for CO.sub.x reduction. According to various embodiments, the MEAs are configured to address challenges particular to CO.sub.x including managing water in the MEA. Bipolar and anion-exchange membrane (AEM)-only MEAs are described along with components thereof and related methods of fabrication.

Described herein are cationic polymers having a plurality of quaternary amino groups, methods of making such polymers, and uses of such polymers as ion exchange membranes in electrochemical devices.

A bipolar membrane BP characterized in that particles 5 of a basic metal chloride are distributed in the interface between a cation-exchange membrane 1 and an anion-exchange membrane 3.

A proton-exchange membrane includes a polymer matrix, polymer fibers, or a combination thereof. The proton-exchange membrane also includes a proton-conducting material distributed on the polymer matrix, on the polymer fibers, in the polymer fibers, or a combination thereof.

Described herein are anionic phenylene oligomers and polymers, and devices including these materials. The oligomers and polymers can be prepared in a convenient and well-controlled manner, and can be used in cation exchange 5 membranes. Also described is the controlled synthesis of anionic phenylene monomers and their use in synthesizing anionic oligomers and polymers, with precise control of the position and number of anionic groups.

A method of producing an ion-conducting membrane containing a polymer having an ionic group, involves multiple liquid treatment steps in which a precursor membrane is brought into contact with an acid treatment solution or an alkali treatment solution, the precursor membrane containing a polymer in a state in which the aforementioned ionic group forms a salt with an impurity ion, wherein the liquid treatment time in the second and subsequent liquid treatment steps of the multiple liquid treatment steps is shorter than the liquid treatment time in the initial liquid treatment step.

The instant disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing a transparent polyimide film, including providing a polyamic acid solution having a fluorine content more than 12%; adding a dehydrating agent and a catalyst into the polyamic acid solution, the dehydrating agent having an equivalent number equal to or larger than 3; and baking the polyamic acid solution under a temperature ranging from 250 to 350 C. for performing a chemical imidization process so that the transparent polyimide film is obtained. The transparent polyimide film has an elongation rate of more than 30% and a b* value in a CIELAB coordinate of less than 3.5.

A method of producing an ion-conducting membrane containing a polymer having an ionic group, involves multiple liquid treatment steps in which a precursor membrane is brought into contact with an acid treatment solution or an alkali treatment solution, the precursor membrane containing a polymer in a state in which the aforementioned ionic group forms a salt with an impurity ion, wherein the liquid treatment time in the second and subsequent liquid treatment steps of the multiple liquid treatment steps is shorter than the liquid treatment time in the initial liquid treatment step.

A resin composition for fabricating a separator which is easy to control viscosity, a method of preparing the same, and a battery including the same, are disclosed.