An augmented reality and extended reality surgical system comprising three 3D viewing options of: (i) an AR/XR headset or headsets, (ii) one or more autostereoscopic “3D glasses free” monitor(s); and (iii) one or more digital ocular stereoscopic 3D viewports which is mounted to a cobotic arm viewing option for ergonomically sound viewing. The system may comprise a wearable device, such as a head mounted display or glasses, that provides the user with virtual reality, augmented reality, and/or mixed reality for surgery visualization. This system is all digital and features both wired and wireless connections that have approximately the same latency of less than 20 milliseconds. This may allow the user to access 2D or 3D imaging, magnification, virtual visualization, six-degrees of freedom (6DoF) image management, and/or other images while still viewing real reality and thus maintaining a presence in the operating room. The all-digital multi-option 3D viewing surgery system provides an ergonomically sound surgery visualization system.

A medical instrument for surgery includes at least one frame and at least one jointed device. The jointed device includes at least one first joint member, or first link, adapted to connect to at least one portion of the frame and at least one second joint member, or second link. The first joint member is connected by a rotational joint to the second joint member. The medical instrument includes at least a pair of tendons, adapted to move the second joint member with respect to the first joint member. Each of the first joint member and the second joint member includes a main structural body made in a single piece with one or more convex contact surfaces. Each of the convex contact surfaces is a ruled surface formed by straight line portions all parallel to each other and substantially parallel to a joint movement axis.

A medical instrument for surgery includes at least one frame and at least one jointed device. The jointed device includes at least one first joint member, or first link, adapted to connect to at least one portion of the frame and at least one second joint member, or second link. The first joint member is connected by a rotational joint to the second joint member. The medical instrument includes at least a pair of tendons, adapted to move the second joint member with respect to the first joint member. Each of the first joint member and the second joint member includes a main structural body made in a single piece with one or more convex contact surfaces. Each of the convex contact surfaces is a ruled surface formed by straight line portions all parallel to each other and substantially parallel to a joint movement axis.

A medical image processing device includes circuitry configured to: calculate relative information including relative positional relation of a pathologically diagnosed position in a subject with respect to an observation image of the subject captured by an imager, by using data on the observation image and pathological diagnosis information on the subject; and generate, based on the relative information, data on a displayed observation image resulting from addition of the pathological diagnosis information to the data on the observation image.

A medical image processing device includes circuitry configured to: calculate relative information including relative positional relation of a pathologically diagnosed position in a subject with respect to an observation image of the subject captured by an imager, by using data on the observation image and pathological diagnosis information on the subject; and generate, based on the relative information, data on a displayed observation image resulting from addition of the pathological diagnosis information to the data on the observation image.

A medical instrument for surgery includes at least one frame and at least one jointed device. The jointed device includes at least one first joint member, or first link, adapted to connect to at least one portion of the frame and at least one second joint member, or second link. The first joint member is connected by a rotational joint to the second joint member. The medical instrument includes at least a pair of tendons, adapted to move the second joint member with respect to the first joint member. Each of the first joint member and the second joint member includes a main structural body made in a single piece with one or more convex contact surfaces. Each of the convex contact surfaces is a ruled surface formed by straight line portions all parallel to each other and substantially parallel to a joint movement axis.

A medical instrument for surgery includes at least one frame and at least one jointed device. The jointed device includes at least one first joint member, or first link, adapted to connect to at least one portion of the frame and at least one second joint member, or second link. The first joint member is connected by a rotational joint to the second joint member. The medical instrument includes at least a pair of tendons, adapted to move the second joint member with respect to the first joint member. Each of the first joint member and the second joint member includes a main structural body made in a single piece with one or more convex contact surfaces. Each of the convex contact surfaces is a ruled surface formed by straight line portions all parallel to each other and substantially parallel to a joint movement axis.

A joint driving actuator that includes an ultrasonic motor that generates driving force for driving a joint, the ultrasonic motor including a stator fixed to a side of one arm that relatively rotates in the joint and a rotor fixed to a side of another arm that relatively rotates in the joint, the stator including a piezoelectric element that generates ultrasonic vibration, a torque sensor that detects external force applied to the joint, and an encoder that detects a rotational angle of the ultrasonic motor, the encoder being mounted on the one arm, the stator being fixed on the side thereof, and the torque sensor being mounted on the another arm, the rotor being fixed on the side thereof.

A joint driving actuator that includes an ultrasonic motor that generates driving force for driving a joint, the ultrasonic motor including a stator fixed to a side of one arm that relatively rotates in the joint and a rotor fixed to a side of another arm that relatively rotates in the joint, the stator including a piezoelectric element that generates ultrasonic vibration, a torque sensor that detects external force applied to the joint, and an encoder that detects a rotational angle of the ultrasonic motor, the encoder being mounted on the one arm, the stator being fixed on the side thereof, and the torque sensor being mounted on the another arm, the rotor being fixed on the side thereof.

A memory device includes a first and second conductor respectively included in a first and second layer stack stacked in a first direction and separated from each other; a first and second portion of a semiconductor extending in the first direction between the first and the second layer stack, and separated from each other in same layer; a first film between the first conductor and the first portion; a second film between the second conductor and the second portion; a first insulator between the first conductor and the first film; a second insulator between the second conductor and the second film; a third insulator between the first insulator and the first film; and a fourth insulator between the second insulator and the second film. The third and fourth insulator have a higher dielectric constant than the first and second insulator.