Described herein are fluid complex coacervates that produce solid adhesives in situ. Oppositely charged polyelectrolytes were designed to form fluid adhesive complex coacervates at ionic strengths higher than the ionic strength of the application site, but an insoluble adhesive solid or gel at the application site. When the fluid, high ionic strength adhesive complex coacervates are introduced into the lower ionic strength application site, the fluid complex coacervate is converted to a an adhesive solid or gel as the salt concentration in the complex coacervate equilibrates to the application site salt concentration. In one embodiment, the fluid complex coacervates are designed to solidify in situ at physiological ionic strength and have numerous medical applications. In other aspects, the fluid complex coacervates can be used in aqueous environment for non-medical applications.

Multi-layer anti-fouling coatings and methods of forming the same include a first biocidal layer formed on a surface. The first biocidal layer includes at least one biocidal biocide that kills a biofouling organism on contact with the first biocidal layer. A first biostatic layer is formed between the first biocidal layer and an external environment. The first biostatic layer includes at least one biostatic biocide that inhibits a biofouling organism from attaching to the first biostatic layer.

An anti-fogging and anti-fouling laminate including: a substrate; a primer layer; and an anti-fogging and anti-fouling layer having a flat surface, wherein an average thickness of the primer layer is more than 0.5 m, the anti-fogging and anti-fouling layer has Martens hardness of 10 N/mm.sup.2 or more, a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.40 or less, and an average thickness of 10 m or more, the anti-fogging and anti-fouling layer is a cured product of an active energy ray curable resin composition including a hydrophilic monomer, a crosslinking agent, and a hydrophobic monomer, a content of the crosslinking agent in the active energy ray curable resin composition is 5% by mass to 40% by mass relative to non-volatile matter thereof, and a content of the hydrophobic monomer in the active energy ray curable resin composition is 0.001% by mass to 10% by mass relative to the non-volatile matter.

Compositions are provided according to aspects of the present invention that include a hydrogel and a liner, wherein a surface of the hydrogel dissociably-engages a surface of the liner. Compositions are provided according to aspects of the present invention that include a hydrogel and a hydrophobic glue, wherein at least a portion of the gel network of the hydrogel is occupied by the hydrophobic glue. Reverse coaling processes and articles of manufacture made by reverse coating processes are provided according to aspects of the present invention. Compositions are provided according to aspects of the present invention that include a hydrogel and a substrate, wherein: the hydrogel comprises a polymer network; the substrate comprises a surface comprising a polymer network; and the polymer network of the hydrogel and the polymer network of the surface are entangled.

The present invention provides a copolymer obtainable by polymerizing a monomer mixture which contains at least compounds of the following formulae (A), (B) and (C), wherein T.sup.a, T.sup.b, T.sup.c, U.sup.a1, U.sup.a2, U.sup.b1, U.sup.b2 and U.sup.b3, Q.sup.a, Q.sup.b and Q.sup.c, R.sup.a, R.sup.b and R.sup.c, An.sup. and m are as defined in Specification and Claims, and so on. The copolymer of the present invention can be utilized as an ion complex material excellent in a function of inhibiting adhesion of a biological substance. ##STR00001##

An aqueous or water-borne precursor for forming an anti-fouling heterophasic thermoset polymeric coating is provided. The precursor includes a fluorine-containing polyol precursor having a functionality >about 2 that forms a branched fluorine-containing polymer component defining a continuous phase in the anti-fouling heterophasic thermoset polymeric coating. The precursor also includes a fluorine-free precursor that forms a fluorine-free component present as a plurality of domains each having an average size of about 100 nm to about 5,000 nm defining a discrete phase within the continuous phase in the anti-fouling heterophasic thermoset polymeric coating. A crosslinking agent and water are also present. An emulsifier may also be included. Methods of making anti-fouling heterophasic thermoset polymeric coatings with such precursors are also provided.

Zwitterionic monomers, carnitine-derived zwitterionic polymers, carnitine ester cationic monomers, carnitine ester cationic polymers, conjugate compositions including a carnitine-derived zwitterionic polymer, and related compositions' and methods are provided which have various uses including as coatings, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, encapsulation materials, and antifouling materials, among other utilities.

A paint and an adhesive composition of the present invention containing (a) a vinyl ester resin or unsaturated polyester resin by 20 to 40 mass %, (b) a modifying agent by 0.1 to 50 mass %, (c) a vinyl monomer and/or (meth)acrylate monomer by 30 to 70 mass % (provided that the total of the components (a), (b) and (c) is 100 mass %) and (d) an initiator by 0.1 to 15 parts by mass to a total of 100 parts by mass of the components (a), (b) and (c).

Methods for forming a coating can include preparing a nanocomposite film including surface modified silicon dioxide nanoparticles, applying an oxygen plasma treatment to the nanocomposite film to form a treated nanocomposite film, and applying a fluorosilane solution to the treated nanocomposite film to form the coating. A coating can include a nanocomposite film including surface modified silicon dioxide nanoparticles, the nanocomposite film having an oxygen plasma treated surface, and a monolayer of a fluoro alkyl chain.

The present invention relates to a water and oil repellent composition from which an article with excellent water repellency can be obtained; a method for producing the same; and an article treated with the water and oil repellent composition.

The water and oil repellent composition of the present invention comprises a polymer in which the total ratio of a unit (a) based on a monomer (a), a unit (b) based on a monomer (b) and a unit (c) based on a monomer (c) with respect to all units is 95 mol % or more; in the production method of the present invention, a monomer component in which the total ratio of the monomer (a), the monomer (b) and the monomer (c) is 95 mol % or more is polymerized in the presence of a polymerization initiator; monomer (a): CR.sup.1R.sup.2CR.sup.3R.sup.4; monomer (b): CH.sub.2CHR.sup.f; monomer (c): a carboxylic acid vinyl ester; R.sup.1: F, Cl or H; R.sup.2: F or H; R.sup.3: F or H; R.sup.4: F, H or CF.sub.3; at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is F; R.sup.f: a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.