A memory device includes a first and second conductor respectively included in a first and second layer stack stacked in a first direction and separated from each other; a first and second portion of a semiconductor extending in the first direction between the first and the second layer stack, and separated from each other in same layer; a first film between the first conductor and the first portion; a second film between the second conductor and the second portion; a first insulator between the first conductor and the first film; a second insulator between the second conductor and the second film; a third insulator between the first insulator and the first film; and a fourth insulator between the second insulator and the second film. The third and fourth insulator have a higher dielectric constant than the first and second insulator.

An image acquisition system includes: a first narrowband light source that emits first narrowband light for exciting a luminescent agent that exists in an observation target and emits light having a wavelength belonging to a visible light wavelength band; a second narrowband light source that emits second narrowband light in a wavelength band of ±30 nm of a peak light emission wavelength of the luminescent agent; a broadband light source that emits broadband light for illuminating the observation target; a first image sensor on which an image of light in a light emission wavelength band including a wavelength corresponding to light emitted from the luminescent agent is formed; and a second image sensor including one or more image sensors on which an image of light in a wavelength band other than the light emission wavelength band is formed.

A method of treating a sinus cavity of a subject includes advancing a distal portion of a light source through a drainage pathway of a sinus cavity and into the sinus cavity and visually observing a transdermal light emitted from the light source. A distal portion of a substantially rigid inner guide member of a balloon dilation catheter is advanced into the drainage pathway, the balloon dilation catheter including a movable shaft including a balloon that is slidably mounted on the substantially rigid inner guide member. The movable shaft and balloon are advanced distally over the substantially rigid inner guide member to place a portion of the balloon in the drainage pathway whereby the balloon is inflated.

A method of treating a sinus cavity of a subject includes advancing a distal portion of a light source through a drainage pathway of a sinus cavity and into the sinus cavity and visually observing a transdermal light emitted from the light source. A distal portion of a substantially rigid inner guide member of a balloon dilation catheter is advanced into the drainage pathway, the balloon dilation catheter including a movable shaft including a balloon that is slidably mounted on the substantially rigid inner guide member. The movable shaft and balloon are advanced distally over the substantially rigid inner guide member to place a portion of the balloon in the drainage pathway whereby the balloon is inflated.

An electronic system for a surgical instrument is disclosed. The electronic system comprises a main power supply circuit configured to supply electrical power to a primary circuit. A supplementary power supply circuit configured to supply electrical power to a secondary circuit. A short circuit protection circuit coupled between the main power supply circuit and the supplementary power supply circuit. The supplementary power supply circuit is configured to isolate itself from the main power supply circuit when the supplementary power supply circuit detects a short circuit condition at the secondary circuit. The supplementary power supply circuit is configured to rejoin the main power supply circuit and supply power to the secondary circuit, when the short circuit condition is remedied.

An electronic system for a surgical instrument is disclosed. The electronic system comprises a main power supply circuit configured to supply electrical power to a primary circuit. A supplementary power supply circuit configured to supply electrical power to a secondary circuit. A short circuit protection circuit coupled between the main power supply circuit and the supplementary power supply circuit. The supplementary power supply circuit is configured to isolate itself from the main power supply circuit when the supplementary power supply circuit detects a short circuit condition at the secondary circuit. The supplementary power supply circuit is configured to rejoin the main power supply circuit and supply power to the secondary circuit, when the short circuit condition is remedied.

An image-processing device (64) for a fluorescence observation device (1), such as a microscope or endoscope, emulates a first type (82) of fluorescence display device on a second type (63) of fluorescence display device (1). Proficient use of a fluorescence observation device (1) for surgery requires years of training and experience. As technology quickly advances, new types of fluorescence observation devices provide different and more information than older types of fluorescence observation devices, however adoption of newer types is slow because new training is needed. The present disclosure facilitates the switch from one type of fluorescence observation device to another by providing a type-emulation module (108), which allows the imaging result obtained from the first type of fluorescence observation device to be emulated on the second type. The type-emulation module (108) is applied to a digital fluorescence image (20) in which the fluorescence of a fluorescing fluorophore (8) is recorded.

Illumination of a cannula is disclosed herein. A cannula may include a cannula hub at a proximal end of the cannula. The cannula hub is operable to emit visible light. The cannula may further include a tube portion that extends from the cannula hub towards a distal end of the cannula. A surgical system may include a surgical console, a microscope communicatively coupled to the surgical console, and a cannula. The cannula may include a cannula hub at the proximal end of the cannula, and a tube portion that extends from the cannula hub towards a distal end of the cannula. The cannula hub is operable to emit visible light.

An automated surgical system includes a visualization system, an imaging display system, and a surgical hub. The visualization system includes an illumination source and an imaging device. The surgical hub includes a processor and a memory device configured to store instructions. The instructions direct the surgical hub processor to control the illumination source to illuminate a surgical site and to control the imaging device to receive the imaging data. The surgical processor processes the imaging data to create display data that is transmitted over a cloud-based network to the imaging display system for display.

An automated surgical hub system is configured to receive first image data of a surgical site. The hub system controls at least one illumination source of the surgical site in a first manner and receives second image data of the site under illumination by the source in the first manner. The hub system calculates a three-dimensional model of the surgical site based on the second image data and integrates the three-dimensional model with the first image data.