Quantum dots that are cadmium-free and/or stoichiometrically tuned are disclosed, as are methods of making them. Inclusion of the quantum dots and others in a stabilizing polymer matrix is also disclosed. The polymers are chosen for their strong binding affinity to the outer layers of the quantum dots such that the bond dissociation energy between the polymer material and the quantum dot is greater than the energy required to reach the melt temperature of the cross-linked polymer.

A wavelength conversion member includes: a first wavelength converter containing a first wavelength converting material; a second wavelength converter containing a second wavelength converting material different from the first wavelength converting material; a first container member providing a space for accommodating the first wavelength converter; and a second container member facing the first container member and providing a space for accommodating the second wavelength converter. The first container member and the second container member may be at least partially fusion-bonded with each other.

A method of forming a metal gallate spinel structure that includes mixing a divalent metal-containing salt and a gallium-containing salt in solution with fermentative or thermophilic bacteria. In the process, the bacteria nucleate metal gallate spinel nano-objects from the divalent metal-containing salt and the gallium-containing salt without requiring reduction of a metal in the solution. The metal gallate spinel structures, as well as light-emitting structures in which they are incorporated, are also described.

A hybrid nanophosphor includes red silicon nanoparticles in a homogenous mixture blue and green phosphors. A preferred hybrid nanophosphor uses ZnS: Ag, and ZnS: Cu, Au, Al for blue and green conversion, respectively, and mono dispersed 3 nm Si nano particles as a red phosphor. Wide emission profiles are provided by all components, and predetermined color characteristics in terms of CCT and CRI can be achieved simultaneously for excitation. A preferred lighting device includes a nanophosphor thin film of the invention on a UV or near UV-LED.

A composition can include a copper containing nanocrystal.

A composition can include a copper containing nanocrystal.