Disclosed herein is a material, comprising a first metal halide that is operative to function as a scintillator; where the first metal halide excludes cesium iodide, strontium iodide, and cesium bromide; and a surface layer comprising a second metal halide that is disposed on a surface of the first metal halide; where the second metal halide has a lower water solubility than the first metal halide.

This application is a national phase of International Application No PCT/EP2017/065713 filed Jun. 26, 2017 and published in the English language, and claims priority to European Application No 16 183 790.1 filed on Aug. 11, 2016. which are incorporated herein by reference.

A radiation-emitting device may include a radiation-emitting semiconductor chip configured to emit electromagnetic radiation of a first wavelength range from a radiation exit surface, a first phosphor configured to convert electromagnetic radiation of the first wavelength range into electromagnetic radiation of a second wavelength range. The second wavelength range may be or include infrared light. The device may further include an up-converting phosphor configured to convert infrared light of the second wavelength range into visible light.

Synthesizing a color stable Mn.sup.4+ doped phosphor by contacting a gaseous fluorine-containing oxidizing agent with a precursor of: A.sub.aB.sub.bC.sub.cD.sub.dX.sub.x:Mn.sup.4+; A.sub.aiB.sub.biC.sub.ciD.sub.dX.sub.xY.sub.d:Mn.sup.4+; A.sup.1.sub.3G.sub.2?m?nMn.sub.mMg.sub.nLi.sub.3F.sub.12O.sub.p; or AZF.sub.4:Mn.sup.4+. Where A is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or a combination; B is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination; C is Sc, Y, B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, or a combination; D is Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, or a combination; X is F or a combination of F and one of Br, Cl, and I; Y is O, or a combination of O and one of S and Se; A.sup.1 is Na or K, or a combination; G is Al, B, Sc, Fe, Cr, Ti, In, or a combination; Z is La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc, Y, In, or a combination.

The present invention relates to metal halide colloidal nanoparticles represented by a following Chemical Formula 1 and a method for producing the same:
A.sub.3MX.sub.6[Chemical Formula 1] wherein in the Chemical Formula 1, A is an alkali metal element, M is a rare-earth metal element, and X is a halogen element.

An exemplary embodiment provides for a source of white light having at least one white light emitting device composed of a transparent glass/quartz chamber, a vacuum chamber including an optically active element, a spacer, a focusing lens, an IR laser diode, where the optically active element arranged in the vacuum chamber is a thin-layer oxide matrix doped with rare earth ions selected from the group of Nd, Yb, the concentration of dopant ions being in the range of 0.0001 to 100 at %.

Provided are a nanophosphor and a silica composite including the nanophosphor. The nanophosphor has a core/first shell/second shell structure or a core/first shell/second shell/third shell structure, wherein the core includes a Yb.sup.3+-doped fluoride-based nanoparticle, the first shell is an up-conversion shell including a Yb.sup.3+ and Tm.sup.3+-codoped fluoride-based crystalline composition, the second shell is a fluoride-based emission shell, and the third shell is an outermost crystalline shell.

Li-containing scintillator compositions, as well as related structures and methods are described. Radiation detection systems and methods are described which include a Cs.sub.2LiLn Halide scintillator composition.

An exemplary embodiment provides for a source of white light having at least one white light emitting device composed of a transparent glass/quartz chamber, a vacuum chamber including an optically active element, a spacer, a focusing lens, an IR laser diode, where the optically active element arranged in the vacuum chamber is a thin-layer oxide matrix doped with rare earth ions selected from the group of Nd, Yb, the concentration of dopant ions being in the range of 0.0001 to 100 at %.

Mixed halide scintillation materials of the general formula AB.sub.(1-y)M.sub.yX.sub.wX.sub.(3-w), where 0y1, 0.05w1, A may be an alkali metal, B may be an alkali earth metal, and X and X may be two different halogen atoms, and of the general formula A.sub.(1-y)BM.sub.yX.sub.wX.sub.(3-w), where 0y1, 0.05w1, A maybe an alkali metal, B may be an alkali earth metal, and X and X are two different halogen atoms. The scintillation materials of formula (1) include a divalent external activator, M, such as Eu.sup.2+ or Yb.sup.2+. The scintillation materials of formula (2) include a monovalent external activator, M, such as Tl.sup.+, Na.sup.+ and In.sup.+.