A nanoparticle includes a nanocarrier encapsulating a nanoscintillator capable of emitting light upon exposure to radiation; a photosensitizer capable of absorbing the light from the nanoscintillator to generate singlet oxygen species; and optionally, one or more diagnostic agents, therapeutic agents, or a combination thereof.

The present invention provides a rare-earth halide scintillating material and application thereof. The rare-earth halide scintillating material has a chemical formula of RE.sub.aCe.sub.bX.sub.3, wherein RE is a rare-earth element La, Gd, Lu or Y, X is one or two of halogens Cl, Br and I, 0a1.1, 0.01b1.1, and 1.0001a+b1.2. By taking a +2 valent rare-earth halide having the same composition as a dopant to replace a heterogeneous alkaline earth metal halide in the prior art for doping, the rare-earth halide scintillating material is relatively short of a halogen ion. The apparent valence state of a rare-earth ion is between +2 and +3. The rare-earth halide scintillating material belongs to non-stoichiometric compounds, but still retains a crystal structure of an original stoichiometric compound, and has more excellent energy resolution and energy response linearity than the stoichiometric compound.

A scintillator, a preparation method therefor, and an application thereof are disclosed wherein the scintillator has a chemical formula of Tl.sub.aA.sub.bB.sub.c:yCe, wherein: A is at least one rare earth element selected from trivalent rare earth elements; B is at least one halogen element selected from halogen elements; a=1, b=2 and c=7, a=2, b=1 and c=5, or a=3, b=1 and c=6; and y is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.5. According to another embodiment, the scintillator has a chemical formula of Tl.sub.aA.sub.bB.sub.c:yEu, wherein: A is an alkaline earth metal element; B is a halogen element; a=1, b=2 and c=5, or a=1, b=1 and c=3; and y is greater than or equal to 0 mol % and less than or equal to 50 mol %.

A halide material, such as scintillator crystals of LaBr.sub.3:Ce and SrI.sub.2:Eu, with a passivation surface layer is disclosed. The surface layer comprises one or more halides of lower water solubility than the scintillator crystal that the surface layer covers. A method for making such a material is also disclosed. In certain aspects of the disclosure, a passivation layer is formed on a surface of a halide material such as a scintillator crystal of LaBr.sub.3:Ce of SrI.sub.2:Eu by fluorinating the surface with a fluorinating agent, such as F.sub.2 for LaBr.sub.3:Ce and HF for SrI.sub.2:Eu.

Strontium halide scintillators, calcium halide scintillators, cerium halide scintillators, cesium barium halide scintillators, and related devices and methods are provided.

A core material (102) is contained in a cylindrical container (101) (first step). The container (101) is formed from a thermoplastic cladding material. The container (101) can be formed from a heat resistant glass such as a borosilicate glass, for example. The core material (102) is a halide having a lower melting point than the cladding material. Next, the container (101) containing the core material (102) is heated using a heater (151) and stretched, thereby forming an optical fiber emitter (105) comprising a core (103) formed from a halide crystal, and a cladding (104) formed from the cladding material.

Scintillator materials, as well as related systems, and methods of detection using the same, are described herein. The scintillator material composition may comprise a Tl-based scintillator material. For example, the composition may comprise a thallium-based halide. Such materials have been shown to have particularly attractive scintillation properties and may be used in a variety of applications for detection radiation.

Scintillator materials, as well as related systems, and methods of detection using the same, are described herein. The scintillator material composition may comprise a Tl-based scintillator material. For example, the composition may comprise a thallium-based halide. Such materials have been shown to have particularly attractive scintillation properties and may be used in a variety of applications for detection radiation.

The present invention is a method for producing perovskite type quantum dots, wherein, using a plurality of precursor solutions each containing a different element, each of the plurality of precursor solutions is heated and sprayed as an aerosol of the precursor solution, and the plurality of aerosols are collided to cause a gas phase reaction, dropping in a solvent to synthesize core particles containing the different elements. This provides a method for producing quantum dots that enables control of the particle size and yields nanoparticles with a uniform particle size even in large-scale synthesis.