A scintillation compound can include a rare earth element that is in a divalent (RE.sup.2+) or a tetravalent state (RE.sup.4+). The scintillation compound can include another element to allow for better change balance. The other element may be a principal constituent of the scintillation compound or may be a dopant or a co-dopant. In an embodiment, a metal element in a trivalent state (M.sup.3+) may be replaced by RE.sup.4+ and a metal element in a divalent state (M.sup.2+). In another embodiment, M.sup.3+ may be replaced by RE.sup.2+ and M.sup.4+. In a further embodiment, M.sup.2+ may be replaced by a RE.sup.3+ and a metal element in a monovalent state (M.sup.1+). The metal element used for electronic charge balance may have a single valance state, rather than a plurality of valence states, to help reduce the likelihood that the valance state would change during formation of the scintillation compound.

A scintillation compound can include a rare earth element that is in a divalent (RE.sup.2+) or a tetravalent state (RE.sup.4+). The scintillation compound can include another element to allow for better change balance. The other element may be a principal constituent of the scintillation compound or may be a dopant or a co-dopant. In an embodiment, a metal element in a trivalent state (M.sup.3+) may be replaced by RE.sup.4+ and a metal element in a divalent state (M.sup.2+). In another embodiment, M.sup.3+ may be replaced by RE.sup.2+ and M.sup.4+. In a further embodiment, M.sup.2+ may be replaced by a RE.sup.3+ and a metal element in a monovalent state (M.sup.1+). The metal element used for electronic charge balance may have a single valance state, rather than a plurality of valence states, to help reduce the likelihood that the valance state would change during formation of the scintillation compound.

A glass having from greater than or equal to about 0.1 mol. % to less than or equal to about 20 mol. % Ho.sub.2O.sub.3, and one or more chromophores selected from V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Se, Pr, Nd, Er, Yb, and combinations thereof. The amount of Ho.sub.2O.sub.3 (mol. %) is greater than or equal to 0.7(CeO.sub.2 (mol. %)+Pr.sub.2O.sub.3 (mol. %)+Er.sub.2O.sub.3 (mol. %)). The glass can include one or more fluorescent ions selected from Cu, Sn, Ce, Eu, Tb, Tm, and combinations thereof in addition to, or in place of the chromophores. The glass can also include multiple fluorescent ions.

Disclosed are smoothing phosphors for AC LED lighting that are capable of prolonging the light emission time of an AC LED (or array of AC LEDs) during a cycle response to a phase change of the alternating current to substantially reduce flicker. The smoothing phosphor of the present teachings comprises a matrix represented by the formula: M.sub.(l-k-r-v)X.sub.(m-p)Al.sub.2(n-0.5x-0.5y)O.sub.3(n-0.5x-0.5y): Mn.sub.(x+p)O.sub.(x+p), Si.sub.yO.sub.2y, Eu.sub.k, R.sub.r, Li.sub.v wherein M is at least one of La.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, Gd.sub.2O.sub.3, Lu.sub.2O.sub.3, Ba.sub.2OF.sub.2, Sr.sub.2OF.sub.2, Ca.sub.2OF.sub.2, Ba.sub.2OCl.sub.2, Sr.sub.2OCl.sub.2, Ca.sub.2OCl.sub.2, BaO, SrO, CaO, or ZnO; provided that when M comprises BaO, SrO, CaO, or ZnO, M does not comprise La.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, Gd.sub.2O.sub.3, Lu.sub.2O.sub.3, Ba.sub.2OF.sub.2, Sr.sub.2OF.sub.2, Ca.sub.2OF.sub.2, Ba.sub.2OCl.sub.2, Sr.sub.2OCl.sub.2, or Ca.sub.2OCl.sub.2; X is at least one of MgO or ZnO; R is at least one of Sm, Pr, Tb, Dy, Er, or Ho; m=0 to 2; n=4 to 11; x=0.005 to 1; y=0.005 to 1; p=0 to 1; k=0 to 0.2; r=0 to 0.2; and v=0 to 0.2.

The invention relates to a yellow light afterglow material and a preparation method thereof as well as an LED illuminating device using the same. The yellow light afterglow material comprises the chemical formula of aY.sub.2O.sub.3.bAl.sub.2O.sub.3.cSiO.sub.2:mCe.nB.xNa.yP, where a, b, c, m, n, x and y are coefficients, and a is not less than 1 but not more than 2, b is not less than 2 but not more than 3, c is not less than 0.001 but not more than 1, m is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.6, n is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.5, x is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.2, and y is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.5; wherein Y, Al and Si are substrate elements, and Ce, B, Na and P are activators. The yellow light afterglow material is prepared by the following steps: weighing oxides of elements or materials which can generate oxides at high temperature by molar ratio as raw materials, evenly mixing and then sintering the raw materials at 1200-1700 in a reducing atmosphere.

The invention relates to a yellow light afterglow material and a preparation method thereof as well as an LED illuminating device using the same. The yellow light afterglow material comprises the chemical formula of aY.sub.2O.sub.3.bAl.sub.2O.sub.3.cSiO.sub.2:mCe.nB.xNa.yP, where a, b, c, m, n, x and y are coefficients, and a is not less than 1 but not more than 2, b is not less than 2 but not more than 3, c is not less than 0.001 but not more than 1, m is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.6, n is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.5, x is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.2, and y is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.5; wherein Y, Al and Si are substrate elements, and Ce, B, Na and P are activators. The yellow light afterglow material is prepared by the following steps: weighing oxides of elements or materials which can generate oxides at high temperature by molar ratio as raw materials, evenly mixing and then sintering the raw materials at 1200-1700 in a reducing atmosphere.

Disclosed are smoothing phosphors for AC LED lighting that are capable of prolonging the light emission time of an AC LED (or array of AC LEDs) during a cycle response to a, phase change of the alternating current to substantially reduce flicker. The smoothing phoshor of the present teachings comprises a matrix represented by the formula: (1krv)M.Math.(mp)X.Math.(n0.5x0.5y)Al.sub.2O.sub.3:(x+p)MnO, ySiO.sub.2, kEu, rR, vLi, wherein M is at least one of La.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, Gd.sub.2O.sub.3, Lu.sub.2O.sub.3, Ba.sub.2OF.sub.2, Sr.sub.2OF.sub.2, Ca.sub.2OF.sub.2, Ba.sub.2OCl.sub.2, Sr.sub.2OCl.sub.2, Ca.sub.2OCl, BaO, SrO, CaO, or ZnO; provided that when M comprises BaO, SrO, CaO, or ZnO, M does not comprise La.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, Gd.sub.2O.sub.3, Lu.sub.2O.sub.3, Ba.sub.2OF.sub.2, Sr.sub.2OF.sub.2, Ca.sub.2OF.sub.2, Ba.sub.2OCl.sub.2, Sr.sub.2OCl.sub.2, or Ca.sub.2OCl.sub.2; X is at least one of MgO or ZnO; R is at least one of Sm, Pr, Tb, Dy, Er, or Ho; m=0 to 2; n=4 to 11; x=0.005 to 1; y=0.005 to 1; p=0 to 1; k=0 to 0.2; r=0 to 0.2; and v=0 to 0.2.

The invention relates to a yellow light afterglow material and a preparation method thereof as well as an LED illuminating device using the same. The yellow light afterglow material comprises the chemical formula of aY.sub.2O.sub.3.bAl.sub.2O.sub.3.cSiO.sub.2:mCe.nB.xNa.yP, where a, b, c, m, n, x and y are coefficients, and a is not less than 1 but not more than 2, b is not less than 2 but not more than 3, c is not less than 0.001 but not more than 1, m is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.6, n is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.5, x is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.2, and y is not less than 0.0001 but not more than 0.5; wherein Y, Al and Si are substrate elements, and Ce, B, Na and P are activators. The yellow light afterglow material is prepared by the following steps: weighing oxides of elements or materials which can generate oxides at high temperature by molar ratio as raw materials, evenly mixing and then sintering the raw materials at 1200-1700 in a reducing atmosphere.

The invention relates to an inorganic scintillator material of formula Lu.sub.(2-y)Y.sub.(y-z-x)Ce.sub.xM.sub.zSi.sub.(1-v)M.sub.vO.sub.5, in which: M represents a divalent alkaline earth metal and M represents a trivalent metal, (z+v) being greater than or equal to 0.0001 and less than or equal to 0.2; z being greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.2; v being greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.2; x being greater than or equal to 0.0001 and less than 0.1; and y ranging from (x+z) to 1.

In particular, this material may equip scintillation detectors for applications in industry, for the medical field (scanners) and/or for detection in oil drilling. The presence of Ca in the crystal reduces the afterglow, while stopping power for high-energy radiation remains high.

A spectral luminescence standard has bismuth in a light-transmissive inorganic matrix material and emits light in the near infrared region upon irradiation with excitation light. The bismuth acts as a luminescence emitter in the near infrared region. A method includes manufacturing such a spectral luminescence standard and a calibration medium which has the spectral luminescence standard in or on a carrier material.