An aircraft includes fuselage walls, a passenger cabin between the fuselage walls, rows of seating arranged with an aisle through the rows, an emergency exit in the fuselage walls, an access path between the rows of seating to the emergency exit from the aisle, and a marker forming tracks on a floor of the aisle and access path, to direct passengers to the emergency exit. The marker includes a photoluminescent material exhibiting persistent luminescence and comprising a pigment that emits blue visible light in response to excitation by light of wavelength between 250-500 nm. The photoluminescent material has an emission spectrum providing light which appears blue to a viewer, with a maximum peak intensity between 400-510 nm. The marker includes a cover over a top surface of the photoluminescent material that partially blocks light of some UV range wavelengths whilst being transparent to other wavelengths in the UV range.

A method of manufacturing a photoluminescent element (1), wherein a thick, 1000-1500 kg/m3 density transparent layer (11) is applied onto a plate (2) or into at least one mold (3) at an ambient temperature of 15-55 C. and allowed to dry for 10 minutes to 8 hours, followed by applying a thin, 100-200 mPa.Math.s viscosity transparent layer (12). Further, a photoluminescent powder (131) is immediately applied and allowed to fall by its gravity only through the thin transparent layer (12) to adhere at the interface of both the transparent layers (11, 12) and, therefore, to form a continuous photoluminescent layer (13). All the achieved layers (11, 12, 13) are finally hardened together.

A scintillation compound can include a rare earth element that is in a divalent (RE.sup.2+) or a tetravalent state (RE.sup.4+). The scintillation compound can include another element to allow for better change balance. The other element may be a principal constituent of the scintillation compound or may be a dopant or a co-dopant. In an embodiment, a metal element in a trivalent state (M.sup.3+) may be replaced by RE.sup.4+ and a metal element in a divalent state (M.sup.2+). In another embodiment, M.sup.3+ may be replaced by RE.sup.2+ and M.sup.4+. In a further embodiment, M.sup.2+ may be replaced by a RE.sup.3+ and a metal element in a monovalent state (M.sup.1+). The metal element used for electronic charge balance may have a single valance state, rather than a plurality of valence states, to help reduce the likelihood that the valance state would change during formation of the scintillation compound.

A scintillation compound can include a rare earth silicate. The rare-earth silicate may be lutetium yttrium orthosilicate. The rare-earth silicate may be doped with Ce. The rare-earth silicate doped with Ce may include a rare-earth element in a tetravalent state at a concentration of at least approximately 10 ppm atomic of the scintillation compound.

An emergency case (100, 200) comprises at least one case shell (10), wherein a handle (12) is formed in the case shell (10). Shoulder ends of the handle are located on the upper outer corners (14a, 14b) of the case shell (10). First portions (16a, 16b) of the handle extend vertically upward, and second portions (18a, 18b) extend towards the inner longitudinal edge of the case shell. A third portion connects the two second portions (18a, 18b) along the inner longitudinal edge (22).

The disclosure encompasses monolithic compositions, compositions for preparing monolithic compositions, and methods of making and using the same. For example, in non-limiting, exemplary embodiments, the disclosure describes additive manufacturing inks, luminescent monolithic structures produced from said inks, and methods of making and using the same. For example, in some embodiments, the monolithic compositions described herein can perform gas-phase photocatalysis in the absence of light.

A method for making yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) nanopowders, includes mixing carbohydrate and organic amine in a container according to a first ratio, stirring the carbohydrate and organic amine in the container under a heating condition for 2 minutes to 120 minutes for melting the carbohydrate and the organic amine to obtain a clear and transparent mixed solution, adding yttrium salt and aluminum salt at a second ratio to the clear and transparent mixed solution, and stirring the yttrium salt, the aluminum salt, and the clear and transparent mixed solution in the container under the heating condition for 5 minutes to 120 minutes to form a uniform molten mixture, heating the uniform molten mixture to dehydrate and carbonize the carbohydrate to obtain a dark brown fluffy solid, and performing a heat treatment on the dark brown fluffy solid at 800 C. to 1500 C. to obtain the YAG nanopowders.

A phosphor-transition metal-photocatalyst hybrid composite material includes a plurality of beads including a phosphor material, a binder, and zeolite, a plurality of transition metal particles supported on the surface of each of the plurality of beads, and a photocatalyst layer formed on the surface of each of the plurality of beads supporting the transition metal particles by coating a photocatalyst material.