A method and apparatus for continuously treating acid gases including recovering absorbent chemicals by introducing streams leaving a regenerator and/or leaving an absorber into a static mixing zone wherein supplemental washing water is added to recover absorbent chemicals. Improvements to the prior art methods are provided where one or more absorbent chemical recovery units are included to increase the amount of recovered absorbent chemicals exiting the regenerator and/or exiting the absorber are increased and/or maximized. Absorbent chemical recovery units can include mixing units where liquid is added to the stream of sour gas and absorbent chemical to mix with and absorb the absorbent chemical from the stream.

Systems and methods are provided for co-processing of used lubricant oils with a coker feedstock in a fluidized coking process to form lubricant base stocks. The fluidized coking process can remove contaminants and/or additives from used lubricant oils with modest conversion of the lubricant boiling range portion.

The invention relates to a low sulphur fuel blend of a first fuel blend component containing renewable hydrocarbon component(-s) and a second fuel blend component containing hydrocarbon to form at least part of a final low sulphur fuel blend having a sulphur content of less than 0.5 wt. %, where the first fuel blend component is characterised by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d1, δ.sub.p1, δ.sub.h1)=(17-20, 6-10, 6-10); where the first fuel blend component comprises a fuel substance comprising 70% by weight of compounds having a boiling point above 220° C. and is further characterized by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d, δ.sub.p, δ.sub.h)=(17-20, 6-15,6-12) and a linker substance comprising one or more sulphur containing solvents characterised by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d3, δ.sub.p3, δ.sub.h3)=(17-20, 3-6, 4-6); where the fuel substance is present in the first fuel blend component in a relative amount of 90-99.5 wt. %, and the linker substance is present in the first fuel blend component in a relative amount of 0.5 to 10 wt. %; where the second fuel blend component is characterised by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d2, δ.sub.p2, δ.sub.h2) -(17-20, 3-5, 4-7) and selected from the group of ultra low sulfur fuel oils (ULSFO) such as RMG 180, low sulphur fuel oil, marine gas oil, marine diesel oil, vacuum gas oil, and combinations thereof, where the first fuel blend component is present in the final low sulphur fuel blend in a relative amount of up to 80 wt. %.

A catalyst structure includes a porous support structure, where the support structure includes an aluminosilicate material. Any two or more metals are loaded in the porous support structure, the two or more metals selected from the group consisting of Ga, Ag, Mo, Zn, Co and Ce, where each metal loaded in the porous support structure is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %. In example embodiments, the catalyst structure includes three or more of the metals loaded in the porous support structure. The catalyst structure is used in a hydrocarbon upgrading process that is conducted in the presence of methane, nitrogen or hydrogen.

Methods of processing bio-based material feed (“bio-feed”) and a petroleum feed, using combinations of hydrotreating beds, dewaxing beds, post-treatment beds, and liquid quenching zones. Some methods comprise processing the petroleum feed through first hydrotreating reactor beds; then processing the output with a bio-feed together through second hydrotreating reactor beds; then processing the output through the plurality of dewaxing beds to create a dewaxed stream; and, processing the dewaxed stream through the plurality of post-treatment beds to create a product stream. Other methods comprise processing the petroleum feed through the plurality of first hydrotreating reactor beds; then processing the output through the plurality of dewaxing beds to create a dewaxed stream; and, processing the dewaxed stream and the bio-feed together through the plurality of liquid quenching beds zones to create a mixed stream; and, processing the mixed stream through the plurality of post-treatment beds to create a product stream.

Problems relating to metal corrosion in petroleum exploitation plants are monitored by methods, which include the following steps: i. Modifying the petroleum water content ii. Measuring the metal corrosion of metal in contact with the petroleum of step i. iii. Building, by repeating step i and step 2 several times, a database of water content values and values of metal corrosion corresponding to the respective water content values, and iv. Processing the database to determine an optimum value or an optimum range of values of water content (Mw) of the petroleum when metal corrosion shows a minimum value (M.sup.CR).

A process for extracting fuel products from waste rubber, comprising the steps of subjecting the waste rubber to pyrolysis to produce a pyrolysis vapour, subjecting the pyrolysis vapour to a condensation step to produce a pyrolytic oil having a boiling point range of 45-400° C. and a flash point below 25° C., and then subjecting the pyrolytic oil to a vacuum steam stripping step so as to recover a fraction having a first composition having a flash point above 55° C., a boiling point range starting at 140° C. or higher, a density at 15° C. of less than 990 kg/m.sup.3, a total acid number TAN of up to 12, a styrene content of less than 3000 ppm, and an organic halogen (as C1) content of less than 50 ppm, and a second composition having an initial boiling point not exceeding 75° C. under atmospheric pressure, a density at 15° C. of greater than 790 kg/m.sup.3, a benzene content of at least 1.25 vol %, an existent gum (washed) content greater than 10 mg/100 ml, an organic halogen (as Cl) content of less than 50 mg/kg, and a colour of less than 5.0.

Methods and systems are provided herein utilizing a membrane cascade to separate a hydrocarbon feed into boiling point fractions. Also provided herein are methods for selecting membranes for said cascades to achieve the desired boiling point fraction separation.

A method for producing a bio-jet fuel includes a reaction step of hydrogenating, isomerizing, and decomposing a crude oil obtained by a deoxygenation treatment of a raw oil containing a triglyceride and/or a free fatty acid, by using a hydrogenation catalyst and an isomerization catalyst in a hydrogen atmosphere under conditions of a reaction temperature of 180° C. to 350° C. and a pressure of 0.1 MPa to 30 MPa.

Corrosion inhibitor compositions and methods for inhibiting corrosion on a metal surface exposed to a hydrocarbon fluid are provided. The corrosion inhibitor composition can comprise 2-aminoterephthalic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide and heavy aromatic naphtha (HAN). In another embodiment, the composition can comprise 4-methylamino benzoic acid or 4-methylsulfonyl benzoic acid, N-methyl pyrrolidone, and HAN. In the method, a corrosion inhibitor composition comprising 2-aminoterephthalic acid, 4-methylamino benzoic acid, or 4-methylsulfonyl benzoic acid can be added to a hydrocarbon fluid exposed to the metal surface. The corrosion can be caused by naphthenic acid.