A biomass thermal conversion system including a fixed bed drying zone; a fixed bed pyrolysis zone fluidly connected to the drying zone; a combustion zone fluidly connected to the pyrolysis zone by a material path; and a comminution mechanism arranged across the material path between the pyrolysis zone and the combustion zone, configured to grind char off a pyrolyzed surface of solid biomass and reduce a dimension of the solid biomass below a threshold size.

A Flexicoking unit which retains the capability of converting heavy oil feeds to lower boiling liquid hydrocarbon products while making a fuel gas from rejected coke to provide only a minimal coke yield. The heater section of the conventional three section unit (reactor, heater, gasifier) is eliminated and all or a portion of the cold coke from the reactor is passed directly to the gasifier which is modified by the installation of separators to remove coke particles from the product gas which is taken out of the gasifier for ultization. In one embodiment, a portion of cold coke is transferred directly from the reactor to the gasifier, and another portion of cold coke is combined with hot, partly gasified coke particles transferred directly from the gasifier to the reactor. The hot coke from the gasifier is passed directly to the coking zone of the reactor to supply heat to support the endothermic cracking reactions and supply seed nuclei for the formation of coke in the reactor. Coke is withdrawn from the gasifier to remove excess coke and to purge the system of metals and ash.

The invention is directed to a process to prepare a char product and a syngas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide from a solid biomass feed comprising the following steps: (i) performing a continuously operated partial oxidation of the solid biomass feed at a gas temperature of between 700 and 1100 C. and at a solids residence time of less than 5 seconds, (ii) continuously separating the formed char particles as the char product from the formed gaseous fraction and (iii) subjecting the gaseous fraction obtained in step (ii) to a continuously operated partial oxidation and/or to a steam reforming to obtain the syngas mixture. The solid biomass feed has been obtained by torrefaction of a starting material comprising lignocellulose and is a sieve fraction wherein 99 wt % of the solid biomass particles is smaller than 2 mm.

A gasification burner for a multiple-burner arrangement in an entrained-flow gasifier, in which the gasification burner extends along a main axis and in which the media for the gasification reaction in the gasification burner are guided in separate media channels and exit at the burner mouth in a direction having an angle to the main axis that is not zero. A vertical installation with an optimally adaptable flame shape is provided. Depending on the orientation of the burners, the flame shape is adaptable, whether it be a minimized total flame diameter for an initial slag formation of the cooling screen or an increase in the total twist of the total flame for an increased particle deposition on the reactor wall. The gasification burner with angled burner tips can be used as part of a retrofit.

Provided is a reaction intensification structure. The structure includes a pyrolysis gasification apparatus, a flow strengthening mechanism and a turbulence mechanism. The pyrolysis gasification apparatus is cylindrical, and is provided with a feed inlet and a discharge outlet at front and rear ends thereof respectively. The flow strengthening mechanism is provided on an outer wall of the pyrolysis gasification apparatus at a position near the front end, and it is communicated with such apparatus and at an angle of 20? to 50? relative to a radial direction of such apparatus. The turbulence mechanism includes multiple turbulence bodies distributed in an array on an inner wall of the pyrolysis gasification apparatus and protrude towards a center of such apparatus. The turbulence bodies are divided into multiple groups distributed along an axial direction of such apparatus. Each group of turbulence bodies are distributed along a circumferential direction of such apparatus.

Carbonaceous-containing material including biomass, municipal solid waste, and/or coal and/or contaminated soil, and/or other carbonaceous materials may be gasified at low temperatures utilizing a reactor designed to generate shockwaves in a supersonic gaseous vortex. Preprocessed waste may be introduced into the reactor. A gas stream may be introduced substantially tangentially to an inner surface of a chamber of the reactor to generate a gaseous vortex rotating about a longitudinal axis within the chamber. The gas stream may be introduced using a nozzle that accelerates the gas stream to a supersonic velocity, and may impinge on an impactor positioned within the reactor chamber. A frequency of shockwaves emitted from the nozzle into the gaseous vortex may be controlled. The processed waste discharged from the reactor, which may include a gas component and at least a solid component, can be subjected to separation, and at least some of the gas component and at least one solid component (i.e., tars) may be fed back to the feeding device so that the solids from the processed waste condense on preprocessed waste contained in the feeding device and are reprocessed within the reactor. The gas component from the feeding device may be cleaned after the solids have been condensed out in the feeding device.

The invention relates to a process for conversion of a feedstock comprising solid particles into at least a gaseous compound in a reactor comprising a vertically extending swirl chamber comprising a conical upper part with a decreasing diameter in upward direction, at least one tangential inlet at the bottom of the swirl chamber, and an outlet at the upper end of the swirl chamber, wherein the process is selected from pyrolysis, allothermal gasification or carbonization of a carbonaceous feedstock. The invention further relates to a process for conversion of a feedstock comprising solid particles into at least one or more gaseous compounds in such reactor.

An apparatus and a method for gasification of a solid fuel in a fluidized bed gasifier involving the steps of: introducing first solid material particles and second solid material particles into a turbulent fluidized bed, wherein the particle weight of each of the first solid material particles is greater than the particle weight of each of the second solid material particles; maintaining at least most of the first solid material particles in the turbulent fluidized bed; receiving at least most of the second solid material particles included in the gas-solid mixture in a cyclone; in a return leg conduit, collecting at least most of the solid fuel particles separated from the gas-solid mixture in the cyclone and collecting at least most of the second solid material particles separated from the gas-solid mixture in the cyclone; and feeding at least most of the second solid material particles from the return leg conduit and at least most of the solid fuel particles from the return leg conduit into the turbulent fluidized bed.

The invention belongs to processes of converting carbonaceous raw materials to produce gaseous, solid, and liquid energy carriers and can be used in municipal, agriculture, wood processing industry, in the mining and petrochemical industries and other industries for thermochemical conversion of carbon-containing wastes from these industries to produce combustible gas, solid and liquid fuels, sorbents and other products. The process provides for the use of a vortex gasifier to produce hot generator gas, used as a heat carrier for the process of pyrolysis of raw material in the reactor, in which char and vapor gas are produced as a result of thermochemical reaction, a purification device to treat produced in the reactor vapor gas, and an apparatus for separation of vapor gas into different components. During the operation of the pyrolysis reactor, hot generator gas is fed into the upper part of the reactor and then proceeds to the bottom of the reactor through a gas duct inside the pyrolysis reactor until it reaches the distributor, through which it exits and travels up to the exit of the reactor, with simultaneous feed of raw material into the upper part of the reactor and movement of raw materials down the sloping mesh shelves. Effective thermochemical conversion of raw material is achieved in the countercurrent of raw material and heat carrier. The vapor gas formed in the pyrolysis reactor is supplied to the purification and separation units, while the char descends into the hopper from which it is released by a screw conveyor and/or sluice feeder to be sent to consumers or to the gasifier to obtain the heat carrier.

The present invention is related to a circulating fluidized bed gasification or combustion system (1) using coal or biomass as raw material and comprising a combustion/gasification reactor (2); a cyclone (3) which is in connection with the reactor (2) so as to seperate solid particles from gas flow; a downcomer (4) which is in connection with the reactor (2) and the cyclone (3), extends along the reactor (2), and enables solid particles captured by the cyclone (3) to be sent to the combustion/gasification reactor (2) again; a distributing plate (5) which is in connection with the reactor (2) and provides primary gas supply to the system (1) homogeneously; at least one conduit which is positioned parallel to the downcomer (4); an ejector (7) which is positioned on the downcomer (4) vertically, comprises at least one nozzle (6) spraying pressurized gas towards the reactor (2).