The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed to methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit; for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or hydrotreating unit; for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and uses and value of the products resulting therefrom.

A composition for cleaning a combustion engine system. The composition comprises a hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon comprises respective first and second hydrocarbons. The first hydrocarbon comprises a lubricant, wherein the lubricant has a flash point, measured according to ASTM D93, of less than 80° C. The second hydrocarbon comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon, wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon has a flash point, measured according to ASTM D93, of greater than 62° C. The composition further comprises an oxygen donor. The oxygen donor comprises respective first and second oxygen donors. The first oxygen donor comprises a hydroxyl group and has a flash point, measured according to ASTM D93, of from 45° C. to 95° C. The second oxygen donor comprises a carbonyl group or an ether group and has a flash point, measured according to ASTM D93, of from 50° C. to 120° C.

The invention relates to a low sulphur fuel blend of a first fuel blend component containing renewable hydrocarbon component(-s) and a second fuel blend component containing hydrocarbon to form at least part of a final low sulphur fuel blend having a sulphur content of less than 0.5 wt. %, where the first fuel blend component is characterised by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d1, δ.sub.p1, δ.sub.h1)=(17-20, 6-10, 6-10); where the first fuel blend component comprises a fuel substance comprising 70% by weight of compounds having a boiling point above 220° C. and is further characterized by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d, δ.sub.p, δ.sub.h)=(17-20, 6-15,6-12) and a linker substance comprising one or more sulphur containing solvents characterised by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d3, δ.sub.p3, δ.sub.h3)=(17-20, 3-6, 4-6); where the fuel substance is present in the first fuel blend component in a relative amount of 90-99.5 wt. %, and the linker substance is present in the first fuel blend component in a relative amount of 0.5 to 10 wt. %; where the second fuel blend component is characterised by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d2, δ.sub.p2, δ.sub.h2) -(17-20, 3-5, 4-7) and selected from the group of ultra low sulfur fuel oils (ULSFO) such as RMG 180, low sulphur fuel oil, marine gas oil, marine diesel oil, vacuum gas oil, and combinations thereof, where the first fuel blend component is present in the final low sulphur fuel blend in a relative amount of up to 80 wt. %.

A method of producing a fuel additive includes passing a feed stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons through a methyl tertiary butyl ether unit producing a first process stream; passing the first process stream through a selective butadiene hydrogenation unit transforming greater than or equal to 90% by weight of the butadiene to 1-butene and 2-butene, preferably greater than or equal to 93%, preferably, greater than or equal to 94%, more preferably, greater than or equal to 95% producing a second process stream; passing the second process stream through a hydration unit producing a third process stream and the fuel additive; passing the third process stream through a total hydrogenation unit producing a hydrogenated stream; and passing the hydrogenated stream to a cracker unit.

A method of producing a fuel additive includes: passing a first process stream comprising C4 hydrocarbons through a methyl tertiary butyl ether synthesis unit producing a first recycle stream; passing the first recycle stream through a hydration unit producing the fuel additive and a second recycle stream; passing the second recycle stream through a recycle hydrogenation unit and a deisobutanizer unit; and recycling the second recycle stream to the methyl tertiary butyl ether synthesis unit.

Naphtha boiling range compositions are provided that are formed from crude oils with unexpected combinations of high naphthenes to aromatics weight and/or volume ratio and a low sulfur content. The resulting naphtha boiling range fractions can have a high naphthenes to aromatics weight ratio, a low but substantial content of aromatics, and a low sulfur content. In some aspects, the fractions can be used as fuels and/or fuel blending products after fractionation with minimal further refinery processing. In other aspects, the amount of additional refinery processing, such as hydrotreatment, catalytic reforming and/or isomerization, can be reduced or minimized. By reducing, minimizing, or avoiding the amount of hydroprocessing needed to meet fuel and/or fuel blending product specifications, the fractions derived from the high naphthenes to aromatics ratio and low sulfur crudes can provide fuels and/or fuel blending products having a reduced or minimized carbon intensity.

Disclosed is a blended gasoline composition having an AKI of 87. The formulation of the blended gasoline composition leads to a reduction in carbon dioxide emission. The blended gasoline composition contains a reduced concentration of olefins and non-amine aromatics.

The testing of various chemicals has yielded new chemicals and chemical mixtures for the use of removing carbon deposits from the internal combustion engine. Some of these chemicals and chemical mixtures have proven to work better across many different carbon types than other chemicals that were tested. These chemical terpenes are typically produced from plants. One standard terpene mixture is known as turpentine. The chemical turpentine and chemicals found in turpentine have been determined, through our research and testing, to be extremely effective at removing the carbon that is produced within the internal combustion engine.

A multipurpose fuel composition is disclosed which contains a petroleum derived jet fuel component and a renewable jet fuel component, wherein the multipurpose fuel composition has a freezing point of −40° C. or below, and an exemplary cetane number more than 40, preferably more than 45, more preferably more than 50.

A low value aromatic fuel blending composition containing dissolved waste polystyrene materials having a caloric value comparable to the heavy aromatic compounds in which it is dissolved is disclosed, along with a process for its production from a mixture of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons recovered as the bottoms/reject streams from a variety of refinery aromatics recovery units.