A quaternary ammonium compound of formula (I): wherein R.sup.0, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is each independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, X is a linking group, R.sup.4 is an optionally substituted alkylene group, R.sup.5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group, and n is 0 or a positive integer, provided that n is not 0 when R.sup.5 is hydrogen.

##STR00001##

A method for treating petroleum, petroleum fraction, or natural gas, the process comprising: adding a) a first component which is selected from material, particularly roots, of a plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza, and/or an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and b) a second component which is selected from a plant material or -ingredient comprising plastids, algae and/or cyanobacteria,
to the petroleum, petroleum fraction, or natural gas.

A method for treating petroleum, petroleum fraction, or natural gas, the process comprising: adding a) a first component which is selected from material, particularly roots, of a plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza, and/or an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and b) a second component which is selected from a plant material or -ingredient comprising plastids, algae and/or cyanobacteria,
to the petroleum, petroleum fraction, or natural gas.

The present invention relates to the use, for improving the detergency properties of a liquid fuel composition comprising one or more detergent additives, of an additive consisting of one or more hydrocarbon compound(s) comprising from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and two hydroxyl functions.

The present invention also relates to a method for improving the cleanliness of and/or for cleaning at least one inner portion of an internal combustion engine supplied with a liquid fuel comprising one or more detergent additives, wherein such a hydrocarbon compound is added to the fuel composition.

The present disclosure generally relates to a fuel additive composition for use in reducing corrosion and wear in an internal combustion engine or fuel component part thereof. The fuel additive composition includes a polyetheramine salt obtained by either (a) mixing a polyoxyalkylene monoamine and at least one of a dicarboxylic acid or a tricarboxylic acid or (b) mixing a polyoxyalkylene polyamine and at least one of a monocarboxylic acid, the dicarboxylic acid, or the tricarboxylic acid.

A fuel additive composition comprising an anthocyanidin; an amino acid; and a catalyst. The anthocyanidin may comprise delphinidin chloride. The amino acid may comprise aspartic acid, leucine acid, glutamic acid, a non-natural amino acid, or a combination thereof. Embodiments of the present invention also relate to a method for making of fuel additive, the method comprising: providing an anthocyanidin; contacting the anthocyanidin with an amino acid to form an anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture; contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with a catalyst. The method may further comprise contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with ethanol and/or an acid. The method may further comprise adjusting the pH of the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture to less than 7.

The present invention relates to a low-temperature additive for fuel oils having a sulfur content of less than 50 ppm, comprising i) at least one oil-soluble amide-ammonium salt of a polycarboxylic acid with a mono- and/or dialkylamine (A) and ii) 5-100% by weight, based on the amount of amide-ammonium salt (A), of an oil-soluble amine (B), and iii) 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, based on the amount of amide-ammonium salt (A), of a resin formed from at least one aromatic compound bearing an alkyl radical and an aldehyde and/or ketone (D).

There is disclosed an antifoam component which includes at least one poly(acrylate) copolymer for use in a fuel. Poly(acrylate) polymers prepared by polymerizing a (meth)acrylate monomer comprising C.sub.1 to C.sub.30 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (“multifunctional monomer”) are also disclosed. Other poly(acrylate) polymers prepared by polymerizing (i) a (meth)acrylate monomer comprising C.sub.1to C.sub.4 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (“solubility monomer”); (ii) a (meth)acrylate monomer comprising C.sub.5 to C.sub.12 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (“surface tension monomer”); and (iii) optionally at least one additional monomer comprising a solubility monomer, a surface tension monomer, a monomer comprising C.sub.1 to C.sub.30 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (“multifunctional monomer”), or combinations thereof are also disclosed.

There is disclosed an antifoam component which includes at least one poly(acrylate) copolymer for use in a fuel. Poly(acrylate) polymers prepared by polymerizing a (meth)acrylate monomer comprising C.sub.1 to C.sub.30 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (“multifunctional monomer”) are also disclosed. Other poly(acrylate) polymers prepared by polymerizing (i) a (meth)acrylate monomer comprising C.sub.1to C.sub.4 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (“solubility monomer”); (ii) a (meth)acrylate monomer comprising C.sub.5 to C.sub.12 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (“surface tension monomer”); and (iii) optionally at least one additional monomer comprising a solubility monomer, a surface tension monomer, a monomer comprising C.sub.1 to C.sub.30 alkyl esters of (meth)acrylic acid (“multifunctional monomer”), or combinations thereof are also disclosed.

A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine contains water, a fuel, and an emulsifier package which contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant. A method for powering a diesel engine with the fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of the emulsifier package. An emulsifier package for emulsifying a fuel and water contains a quaternary ammonium surfactant and at least one nonionic surfactant, which is an alkoxylate. The quaternary ammonium surfactant is obtainable by reacting a quaternizable nitrogen compound containing at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group with a quaternizing agent; which converts the at least one quaternizable, especially tertiary, amino group to a quaternary ammonium group, where the quaternizing agent is a hydrocarbyl epoxide in combination with a free hydrocarbyl-substituted polycarboxylic acid.