Fuel and fuel additives can be produced by processes that provide Fischer-Tropsch liquids having high biogenic carbon concentrations of up to about 100% biogenic carbon. The fuels and fuel additive have essentially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids which, in turn, contain the same concentration of biogenic carbon as the feedstock.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

A method for providing a fuel includes providing a partially purified biogas at a first processing site, where the partially purified biogas is produced by multiple biogas sources and/or from multiple feedstock sources. The partially purified biogas is compressed, fed to a mobile tank, and transported by vehicle to a second processing site. At the second processing site, which may also receive biogas from a plurality of biogas sources, the partially purified biogas is further processed to produce a fuel or fuel intermediate.

The present invention provides a blended fuel and methods for producing the blended fuel, wherein a low carbon fuel derived from a renewable resource such as biomass, is blended with a traditional, petroleum derived fuel. A blended fuel which includes greater than 10% by volume of low carbon fuel has an overall improved lifecycle greenhouse gas content of about 5% or more compared to the petroleum derived fuel. Also, blending of the low carbon fuel to the traditional, petroleum fuel improves various engine performance characteristics of the traditional fuel.

Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some implementations an apparatus to produce SAF from dry natural gas includes a natural gas reforming area that receives the dry natural gas and that produces synthetic gas from the dry natural gas, a Fischer-Tropsch conversion area that is operably coupled to the natural gas reforming area and that receives the synthetic gas and produces a hydrocarbon chain from the synthetic gas and a product upgrading area that is operably coupled to the Fischer-Tropsch conversion area that receives the hydrocarbon chain and that produces the SAF from the hydrocarbon chain.

A method for producing a synthetic fuel from hydrogen and carbon dioxide comprises extracting hydrogen molecules from hydrogen compounds in a hydrogen feedstock to produce a hydrogen-containing fluid stream; extracting carbon dioxide molecules from a dilute gaseous mixture in a carbon dioxide feedstock to produce a carbon dioxide containing fluid stream; and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams to produce a synthetic fuel. At least some thermal energy and/or material used for at least one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams is obtained from thermal energy and/or material produced by another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams.

The present invention provides a blended fuel and methods for producing the blended fuel, wherein a low carbon fuel derived from a renewable resource such as biomass, is blended with a traditional, petroleum derived fuel. A blended fuel which includes greater than 10% by volume of low carbon fuel has an overall improved lifecycle greenhouse gas content of about 5% or more compared to the petroleum derived fuel. Also, blending of the low carbon fuel to the traditional, petroleum fuel improves various engine performance characteristics of the traditional fuel.

Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some implementations an apparatus to produce SAF from dry natural gas includes a natural gas reforming area that receives the dry natural gas and that produces synthetic gas from the dry natural gas, a Fischer-Tropsch conversion area that is operably coupled to the natural gas reforming area and that receives the synthetic gas and produces a hydrocarbon chain from the synthetic gas and a product upgrading area that is operably coupled to the Fischer-Tropsch conversion area that receives the hydrocarbon chain and that produces the SAF from the hydrocarbon chain.

Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some implementations an apparatus to produce SAF from dry natural gas includes a natural gas reforming area that receives the dry natural gas and that produces synthetic gas from the dry natural gas, a Fischer-Tropsch conversion area that is operably coupled to the natural gas reforming area and that receives the synthetic gas and produces a hydrocarbon chain from the synthetic gas and a product upgrading area that is operably coupled to the Fischer-Tropsch conversion area that receives the hydrocarbon chain and that produces the SAF from the hydrocarbon chain.

Fuel reform apparatus includes: internal combustion engine including injector and configured so that compression-ignition combustion is carried out in combustion chamber; reform unit interposed in fuel supply path from fuel tank to injector and including reformer reforming fuel stored in fuel tank by oxidation reaction; and controller including CPU and memory. Controller performs: estimating progress level of oxidation reaction in reformer; and controlling operation of reform unit based on progress level of oxidation reaction estimated.