A genetically modified glial cells, and use of such cells for rejuvenating glial cell population or treating glial cell-related disorders are disclosed. A method of treating a disorder of the brain and/or brain stem in a subject by introducing a population of genetically modified glial progenitor cells into the brain and/or brain stem of the subject, wherein the genetically modified glial progenitor cells have increased expression of one or more genes compared to the same type of glial progenitor cells that have not been genetically modified, wherein said increased expression of the one or more genes in the genetically modified glial progenitor cells confer competitive advantage over native or already resident glial progenitor cells in the subject.

The present invention provides a method for producing dopaminergic neuron progenitor cells from pluripotent stem cells, which method comprises the steps of: (i) performing adherent culture of pluripotent stem cells on an extracellular matrix in a medium containing a reagent(s) selected from the group consisting of BMP inhibitor, TGFβ inhibitor, SHH signal-stimulating agent, FGF8, and GSK3β inhibitor; (ii) collecting Corin- and/or Lrtm1-positive cells from the cells obtained in Step (i) using a substance which binds to Corin and/or a substance which binds to Lrtm1; and (iii) performing suspension culture of the cells obtained in Step (ii) in a medium containing a neurotrophic factor.

A method for producing renal stromal cells, comprising a step (3) of culturing renal stromal precursors in a medium comprising a platelet derived growth factor receptor agonist to obtain renal stromal cells is provided as a technique for supplying renal stromal cells. This production method can further comprise a step (2) of inducing renal stromal precursors from neural crest cells, and a step (1) of culturing pluripotent stem cells in a medium comprising a GSK3β inhibitor, a TGFβ inhibitor, and retinoic acid and/or a derivative thereof to induce neural crest cells.

Methods for generating pre-oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (pre-OPCs) and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from human pluripotent stem cells are provided using chemically-defined culture media that allow for generation of pre-OPCs and OPCs in as little as three days. Culture media, isolated cell populations and kits are also provided.

The present document describes uses and methods of using a gem-difluorinated C-glycopeptide compound of general formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable base, addition salt with an acid, hydrate or solvate of the compound of general formula I for inhibition or prevention of immune rejection of an isolated graft contacted with said compound, prior to transplantation in a subject in need thereof.

##STR00001##

Methods for differentiating human pluripotent stem cells to dorsal neuroectoderm progenitors and further to glial progenitor cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) using inhibitors of BMP signaling and MAPK/ERK signaling are provided. Also provided are cells and cellular compositions obtained by such methods, and uses of such cells. Further provided are methods and protocols for efficiently differentiating human pluripotent stem cells to OPCs in the absence of the ventralizing morphogen SHH or a SHH signaling activator. The methods of the present disclosure reproducibly produce dorsal neuroectoderm progenitor cells by day 7 of the differentiation process, glial progenitor cells by day 21 of the differentiation process and OPCs by day 42 of the differentiation process.

The present invention relates to a composition including stem cell-derived microvesicles as an active ingredient for promoting neurogenesis. The stem cell-derived microvesicles according to the present invention can promote neurogenesis and migration of nerves and also promote angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells, and thus can be usefully used in treatment of neurological damage.

The present invention relates to methods of producing axial stem cells (AxSCs) as well to axial stem cells (AxSCs) produced by such methods and uses thereof. The present invention further relates to axial stem cells (AxSCs), wherein said axial stem cells are not pluripotent cells, but are, for example, region-specific multipotent stem cells capable of indefinitely renewing themselves.

Disclosed herein are pluripotent stem cells cultured with one or more peptide and methods of isolating said stem cells. Also disclosed are methods of targeting the stem cells to a desired region or area within an organism. Also disclosed are methods of using the isolated stem cells for the improvement of fertility, for the promotion of hair growth, for the treatment or prevention of skin conditions, for the treatment or improvement of bone disorders, for the treatment of malignancies, and for the treatment of neurological disorders.

A system and method for gene editing by using an engineered cell are provided. The system includes the engineered cell embedded with a synthetic protein receptor and a target cell. The engineered cell contains a CRISPR/CasRx system and a sgRNA gene sequence. The synthetic protein receptor includes an extracellular target cell recognition domain, a native Notch core domain, an intramembranous hydrolyzable polypeptide and effectors. The extracellular target cell recognition domain can recognize antigen molecules on the target cell surface; and the effectors act as transcription factors for CasRx enzyme and sgRNAs. CasRx and gRNA are expressed in the engineered cell for gene editing to edit mRNA of the target cell. In this way, the application range of the engineered cell is expanded, the pertinence and specificity of gene editing are improved, the off-target effect is reduced, the collective non-specific reaction is reduced, and the safety of gene editing is improved.