The present invention relates to a genetic determinant which may comprise at least two copies of a combination of two closely linked RDR1 genes, which two closely linked RDR1 genes are inversely oriented, and which genetic determinant leads to virus resistance when present in a plant. In one embodiment, of the RDR1 genes in the combination is represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or has at least 70% sequence identity, and one of the RDR1 genes in the combination is represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 or has at least 70% sequence identity; or one of the RDR1 genes in the combination encodes a protein represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 or a protein that has at least 70% sequence identity, and one of the RDR1 genes encodes a protein represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 or a protein that has at least 70% sequence identity.

Disclosed is a viral vector comprising (a) a cDNA of a recombinant viral RNA having a sequence of a Borna disease viral genome comprising a disrupted G gene of the Borna disease viral genome and an inserted G gene of an avian bornaviral genome, wherein the cDNA of the recombinant viral RNA has at least an N gene, an X gene, a P gene and an L gene of the Borna disease viral genome in the same order as in the Borna disease viral genome and has an inserted foreign gene; (b) DNAs encoding ribozymes; and (c) a promoter sequence, wherein (b) the DNAs encoding ribozymes are located upstream and downstream of (a) the cDNA of the recombinant viral RNA, and (a) the cDNA of the recombinant viral RNA and (b) the DNAs encoding ribozymes are located downstream of (c) the promoter sequence. The present invention can be used as a gene introduction technique that does not affect a host chromosome and can be suitable for the application in various fields, such as the treatment and prevention of brain and neurological diseases, visualization techniques of nerve cells in the field of neuroscience, etc.

Provided herein, in some aspects, are methods and compositions for cell-free production of ribonucleic acid.

The present invention enables simultaneous and stable expression of a plurality of foreign genes by using a stealthy RNA gene expression system that is a complex that does not activate the innate immune mechanism and is formed from an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a single-strand RNA binding protein, and negative-sense single-strand RNAs including the following (1) to (8): (1) a target RNA sequence that codes for any protein or functional RNA; (2) an RNA sequence forming a noncoding region and derived from mRNA expressed in animal cells; (3) a transcription initiation signal sequence recognized by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; (4) a transcription termination signal sequence recognized by the polymerase; (5) an RNA sequence containing a replication origin recognized by the polymerase; (6) an RNA sequence that codes for the polymerase and of which codons are optimized for the species from which an introduction target cell is derived; (7) an RNA sequence that codes for a protein for regulating the activity of the polymerase and of which codons are optimized for the species from which the introduction target cell is derived; and (8) an RNA sequence that codes for the single-strand RNA binding protein and of which codons are optimized for the species from which the introduction target cell is derived.

The invention relates to constructs comprising a transmembrane protein pore subunit and a nucleic acid handling enzyme. The pore subunit is covalently attached to the enzyme such that both the subunit and enzyme retain their activity. The constructs can be used to generate transmembrane protein pores having a nucleic acid handling enzyme attached thereto. Such pores are particularly useful for sequencing nucleic acids. The enzyme handles the nucleic acid in such a way that the pore can detect its component nucleotides by stochastic sensing.

The invention relates to constructs comprising a transmembrane protein pore subunit and a nucleic acid handling enzyme. The pore subunit is covalently attached to the enzyme such that both the subunit and enzyme retain their activity. The constructs can be used to generate transmembrane protein pores having a nucleic acid handling enzyme attached thereto. Such pores are particularly useful for sequencing nucleic acids. The enzyme handles the nucleic acid in such a way that the pore can detect its component nucleotides by stochastic sensing.

Disclosed herein are nucleosides, nucleotides and analogs thereof, pharmaceutical compositions that include one or more of nucleosides, nucleotides and analogs thereof, and methods of synthesizing the same. Also disclosed herein are methods of ameliorating and/or treating a disease and/or a condition, including an infection from a paramyxovirus and/or an orthomyxovirus, with a nucleoside, a nucleotide and an analog thereof.

The disclosure provides methods and compositions useful for obtaining induced stem cells, methods of making and use thereof.

The present invention provides a recombinant sequence information of a key host factor ANP32A/B which is necessary for the replication of influenza virus in a host. More specifically, the present invention relates to a 129-130 motif and a 149 site of the host factor ANP32A/B protein, which are key active sites for exerting its ability to promote the replication of influenza virus, and are also potential targeting sites of anti-influenza drugs.

This disclosure provides, among other things, a method for making a cDNA library. In some embodiments the method may comprise adding a polyA tail to the longer RNA fragments but not the shorter RNA fragments in a sample by incubating the population of RNA fragments with a polyA polymerase, wherein the reaction conditions used preferentially tail only the longer fragments but not the shorter fragments.