Provided herein is a method of functionalizing a particle, as well as methods of optically tracking a particle, isolating enveloped viral particles from a sample, quantifying enveloped virus particles in a sample and assessing enveloped viral aggregation in a sample. Kits are also provided. The particle is typically a viral particle.

This invention relates to adjuvant formulations comprising various combinations of triterpenoids, sterols, immunomodulators, polymers, and Th2 stimulators; methods for making the adjuvant compositions; and the use of the adjuvant formulations in immunogenic and vaccine compositions with different antigens. This invention further relates to the use of the formulations in the treatment of animals.

Provided is a method of producing reassortant influenza virus containing an antigenic protein of the first influenza virus strain, the method including the following steps: 1) a step of irradiating the first influenza virus strain with ultraviolet light in such an irradiation dose that the first influenza virus strain has initial infection ability and loses or is reduced in virus growth potential; 2) a step of infecting a host with the first influenza virus strain and the second influenza virus strain; 3) a step of culturing the host infected with the first influenza virus strain and the second influenza virus strain, to obtain culture product; 4) a step of inactivating influenza virus strain having an antigenic protein of the second influenza virus strain in the culture product obtained in the step 3); and 5) a step of collecting reassortant influenza virus after the step 4).

The subject invention pertains to isolated influenza virus that is capable of infecting canids and causing respiratory disease in the canid. The subject invention also pertains to compositions and methods for inducing an immune response against an influenza virus of the present invention. The subject invention also pertains to compositions and methods for identifying a virus of the invention and diagnosing infection of an animal with a virus of the invention.

A method for adapting an influenza virus to Vero cells is provided. The method comprises infecting Vero cells with the influenza virus, cultivating the infected Vero cells, harvesting influenza viruses of each passage, wherein infectious dose of the influenza viruses of one passage is greater than or equal to infectious dose of the influenza viruses of a previous passage. The present disclosure also relates to a composition. Said composition comprises polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, at least one antibiotic or polyamide compound, at least one positive ion, influenza viruses and/or influenza antigens, wherein said influenza viruses and/or influenza antigens are acquired from Vero cell adapted influenza viruses.

The invention provides a carrier and a method for obtaining, removing, or detecting extracellular membrane vesicle or virus present in a sample. In particular, the invention provides (a) a carrier (a Tim carrier) on which a protein (a Tim protein), selected from a T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-4 (a Tim-4) protein, a Tim-3 protein, and a Tim-1 protein, is bound; (b) a method for obtaining the extracellular membrane vesicle or the virus in the sample; (c) a method for removing the extracellular membrane vesicle or the virus in the sample; (d) a method for detecting the extracellular membrane vesicle or the virus in the sample; (e) a kit for capturing the extracellular membrane vesicle or the virus, comprising the Tim carrier; and (f) a kit for capturing the extracellular membrane vesicle or the virus, comprising a reagent containing the Tim protein and a reagent containing the carrier.

Disclosed herein are nanoparticles suitable for use in vaccines. The nanoparticles present antigens from pathogens surrounded to and associated with a detergent core resulting in enhanced stability and good immunogenicity. Dosages, formulations, and methods for preparing the vaccines and nanoparticles are also disclosed.

Modified influenza virus neuraminidases are described herein that improve viral replication, thus improving the yield of vaccine viruses. Expression of such modified neuraminidases by influenza virus may also stabilize co-expressed hemagglutinins so that the hemagglutinins do not undergo mutation or decrease the need for HA binding to cells.

The invention provides a recombinant biologically contained influenza virus that is a PB2 knockout virus, e.g., one that is useful to generate a multivalent vaccine, and methods of making and using that virus.

The present invention relates to transgenic avians and the eggs produced therefrom wherein the eggs comprise a genetic modification that facilitates in ovo gender sorting and a genetic modification that increases a production trait in the eggs or the avians produced therefrom. The present invention also relates to methods of identifying the gender of eggs before hatching and methods of sorting the eggs based on gender before hatching.