The present invention provides high growth influenza reassortant virus and high growth influenza reassortant virus vectors comprising amino acid modifications in the PB2, PB1, M1 and/or NS2 proteins which exhibit highly increased growth rates compared to unmodified influenza virus. Further provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising reassortant virus and viral vectors comprising said modifications and their use for vaccination purposes.

The NS1 protein of influenza virus is a key virulent element with multi-functional roles in virus replication and acts as a strong interferon (IFN) antagonist. A live attenuated virus (LAIV) is provided using a master backbone, which contains the influenza B (HK8038) virus and includes a deletion of the NSI coding region (DelNS1). The LAIV is based on novel adaptive mutations, which support DelNS1 influenza B live attenuated virus (LAIV) replication in vaccine producing cells. DelNS1 influenza B LAIV shows spontaneous cold adaption with preference to grow at 30-33° C. but restriction at 37-39° C. The LAIV can be used to protect a subject, against a lethal challenge of antigenic distant influenza B viruses. DelNS1 LAIV with adaptive mutations for growing in vaccine producing systems is an important strategy for making highly attenuated and immunogenic live attenuated influenza vaccines with the ability to induce broad cross protective immunity for seasonal influenza.

Provided herein is a method of functionalizing a particle, as well as methods of optically tracking a particle, isolating enveloped viral particles from a sample, quantifying enveloped virus particles in a sample and assessing enveloped viral aggregation in a sample. Kits are also provided. The particle is typically a viral particle.

Disclosed are viruses, and vaccines comprised of and made from such viruses, that include a heterologous nucleic acid segment encoding α-1,3-galactosyltransferase (α-1,3-GT) such that the nucleic acid segment expresses α-1,3-GT when the virus infects a host cell. Such viruses produce proteins having α-1,3-galactose. The presence of α-1,3-galactose on proteins of infected cells can powerfully stimulate the immune response of the host against the viral proteins of the virus, thus enhancing the effect of the virus as a vaccine. Also disclosed are vaccines that include and/or are produced by such viruses. Also disclosed are methods of making and using such viruses and vaccines, such as administering to a subject in need thereof a vaccine as disclosed and such as making a vaccine that includes one or more viral proteins expressed by a virus as disclosed.

The present invention relates to enveloped RNA viruses. The invention in particular relates to the generation of superior antigens for mounting an immune response by first identifying then mutating the immunosuppressive domains in fusion proteins of enveloped RNA viruses resulting in decreased immunosuppressive properties of viral envelope proteins from the viruses.

Methods to create barcoded influenza viruses without disrupting the function of the viral proteins and the proper packaging of the viral genome segments are described. The barcoded influenza viruses can be used within deep mutational scanning libraries to map influenza resistance mutations to therapeutic treatments. The libraries can also be used to predict influenza strains that may become resistant to therapeutic treatments and/or more easily evolve to infect new species. The libraries include features that allow efficient collection and assessment of informative data, obviating bottlenecks of previous approaches.

A fabric top for a convertible vehicle includes, in sequence: an outer cover layer, an insulating layer, an absorber layer and an inner cover layer. The absorber layer at 500 hz has an absorption coefficient of 10 to 65%, at 1000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 15 to 110%, at 2000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 33 to 115%, at 4000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 60 to 110% at 8000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 85 to 120%.

An H7 avian influenza vaccine strain which differentiates infected from vaccinated animals, a preparation method therefor, and an application. The highly pathogenic H7 avian influenza not only brings about huge economic losses to the livestock industry, but also seriously threatens public health safety. Conventional H7 avian influenza whole virus inactivated vaccines do have advantages such as being reliable in terms of effect, low in terms of cost and wide in terms of application range, but cannot serologically differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. The present invention uses NA of influenza B as a label to establish a method for constructing an H7 avian influenza vaccine strain which differentiates infection from vaccination, and may be used for the prevention, control and decontamination of the H7 avian influenza.

Provided is an application of a label gene sequence in the preparation of an H9 avian influenza vaccine strain which differentiates influenza A virus infection from vaccination, the label gene sequence containing a DNA sequence for coding an influenza B virus NA protein extracellular region amino acid sequence. Also provided are an H9 avian influenza vaccine strain which differentiates influenza A virus infection from vaccination, a preparation method therefor, and an application.

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods related to mutant viruses, and in particular, mutant influenza viruses. The mutant viruses disclosed herein include a mutant BM2 sequence, and are useful in immunogenic compositions, e.g., as vaccines. Also disclosed herein are methods, compositions and cells for propagating the viral mutants, and methods, devices and compositions related to vaccination.