Provided herein are methods of culturing a microorganism. The methods include providing a container comprising one or more microorganisms in a medium, which has a first carbon to nitrogen ratio; culturing the microorganisms until the culture reaches a threshold indicator; harvesting a portion of the culture while maintaining the majority of the culture in the container; and adding fresh medium comprising a second carbon to nitrogen ratio to the container with the majority of the culture comprising the microorganisms.

Provided herein are methods of culturing a microorganism. The methods include providing a container comprising one or more microorganisms in a medium, which has a first carbon to nitrogen ratio; culturing the microorganisms until the culture reaches a threshold indicator; harvesting a portion of the culture while maintaining the majority of the culture in the container; and adding fresh medium comprising a second carbon to nitrogen ratio to the container with the majority of the culture comprising the microorganisms.

Provided herein are methods of culturing a microorganism. The methods include providing a container comprising one or more microorganisms in a medium, which has a first carbon to nitrogen ratio; culturing the microorganisms until the culture reaches a threshold indicator; harvesting a portion of the culture while maintaining the majority of the culture in the container; and adding fresh medium comprising a second carbon to nitrogen ratio to the container with the majority of the culture comprising the microorganisms.

The present invention relates to a Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 strain capable of mass-producing natural conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and a method for mass-producing conjugated linoleic acid using the same. The method of the present invention makes it possible to easily produce natural CLA in large quantities and high purity of functional CLA in a linoleic acid solution (50 mg/ml) using bacterial cells or cell-free extracts. The cell or cell-free extract of Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 strain of the present invention, and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) produced thereby can be widely used in probiotic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, health functional food compositions, feed additive compositions, and food additive compositions.

The present invention relates to a Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 strain capable of mass-producing natural conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and a method for mass-producing conjugated linoleic acid using the same. The method of the present invention makes it possible to easily produce natural CLA in large quantities and high purity of functional CLA in a linoleic acid solution (50 mg/ml) using bacterial cells or cell-free extracts. The cell or cell-free extract of Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 strain of the present invention, and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) produced thereby can be widely used in probiotic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, health functional food compositions, feed additive compositions, and food additive compositions.

A method for producing a hydroxy fatty acid condensate or a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid condensates is provided. The method involves the steps of providing one or more fatty acids having at least one CC double bond functionality, biotechnologically adding H.sub.2O to at least one CC double bond functionality of the one or more fatty acids and thus obtaining one or more hydroxy fatty acids, and reacting the one or more hydroxy fatty acids with one or more at least divalent linker groups, thus obtaining a hydroxy fatty acid condensate or a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid condensates. Also provided are a hydroxy fatty acid condensate or a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid condensates obtained by the method, as well as polyurethane, obtained by reacting such a hydroxy fatty acid condensate or mixture of hydroxy fatty acid condensates.

A method for producing a hydroxy fatty acid condensate or a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid condensates is provided. The method involves the steps of providing one or more fatty acids having at least one CC double bond functionality, biotechnologically adding H.sub.2O to at least one CC double bond functionality of the one or more fatty acids and thus obtaining one or more hydroxy fatty acids, and reacting the one or more hydroxy fatty acids with one or more at least divalent linker groups, thus obtaining a hydroxy fatty acid condensate or a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid condensates. Also provided are a hydroxy fatty acid condensate or a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid condensates obtained by the method, as well as polyurethane, obtained by reacting such a hydroxy fatty acid condensate or mixture of hydroxy fatty acid condensates.

Compositions and methods are provided for producing and stabilizing oxidized lipids with anti-inflammatory properties, which are generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids as precursors to these anti-inflammatory oxylipin compounds, using intact milk fat globules extracted from milk. One process has three major steps: 1) isolation of the milk fat globules form milk; 2) incubation of the milk fat globules with polyunsaturated fatty acids; where the polyunsaturated fatty acids are encapsulated into the milk fat globule and subsequently converted to the oxidized forms such as lipid epoxides or hydroxides with potent anti-inflammatory properties, and 3) recovery of the milk fat globules which contain the anti-inflammatory lipids derived from the polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Some aspects of this invention provide engineered microbes for oil production. Methods for microbe engineering and for use of engineered microbes are also provided herein. In some embodiments, microbes provided are engineered to produce oils with low linoleic acids. In some embodiments, microbes provided are engineered to increase the production of lipids by the microbes. In some embodiments, microbes provided are engineered to decrease the viscosity of a liquid culture comprising the microbes. Also disclosed herein are methods of processing, culturing, separating, and extracting products from engineered microbes for oil production.

Some aspects of this invention provide engineered microbes for oil production. Methods for microbe engineering and for use of engineered microbes are also provided herein. In some embodiments, microbes provided are engineered to produce oils with low linoleic acids. In some embodiments, microbes provided are engineered to increase the production of lipids by the microbes. In some embodiments, microbes provided are engineered to decrease the viscosity of a liquid culture comprising the microbes. Also disclosed herein are methods of processing, culturing, separating, and extracting products from engineered microbes for oil production.