A method of forming a carbonized composition includes providing an organic composition, forming a protective layer over the organic composition, increasing temperature to carbonize the organic composition and for a period of time to form the carbonized composition, and removing the protective layer from the carbonized composition.

Coating compositions are provided that eject droplets of condensed fluid from a surface. The coatings include a nanostructured coating layer and in some embodiments, also include a hydrophobic layer deposited thereon. The coating materials eject droplets from the surface in the presence of non-condensing gases such as air and may be deployed under conditions of supersaturation of the condensed fluid to be ejected. A heat exchanger design utilizing the coating is described herein.

Described herein are methods for coating a substrate with a photocatalytic compound, and photocatalytic elements prepared by these methods.

A method of forming a thermal barrier coating is disclosed. The method may include providing a solution containing strontium and niobium and applying the solution to a substrate via a chemical solution deposition process to form a first film layer on the substrate. The method may further include pyrolyzing the first film layer and annealing the first film in an air atmosphere to form a strontium niobate coating.

A composition for forming a silica layer, a method for manufacturing a silica layer, a silica layer manufactured by the method, and an electronic device including the silica layer. The composition for forming a silica layer includes a silicon-containing polymer and a solvent compound represented by Chemical Formula 1:

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A coating process comprising applying to a surface a coating composition consisting essentially of an alkali metal silicate and an aqueous liquid phase having dispersed therein solid aluminum particles to form on the surface a wet coating; and drying said wet coating: under conditions which convert said wet coating to an electrically conductive, corrosion-resistant, solid coating; or under conditions which form a solid coating which is not electrically conductive (non-conductive) and thereafter treating said non-conductive coating under conditions which convert said non-conductive coating to an electrically conductive, corrosion-resistant coating.

A coating for spark plugs and engine parts is resistant to fouling. The coating may be applied to the spark plug or engine part by dipping the part in a sol gel solution, ensuring it wets the part, and extracting it at a slow, controlled rate. As the part is allowed to dry, the sol gel reacts with moisture in the air to form a thin oxide film. Unlike conventional sol gel applications, which apply the oxide directly to the part, the present invention may form an oxide coating, in situ, while drying in place on the part.

A method for producing a layer for coating the inner surface of a container and a glass or plastic container obtained by said method, wherein said container is suitable for containing products biocompatible with humans and/or animals. The method includes: forming a solution containing a solvent, water, a molecular precursor comprising alkoxy groups and an acid as a catalyst, mixing said solution to initiate hydrolysis and condensation, applying the resulting solution onto at least one portion of the inner surface of the container, while the solution is in the process of gelling, the resulting applied solution is then dried at a temperature for a predetermined time, before curing. The acid is citric acid, wherein said citric acid is at a concentration of less than 6 mol/l, and in that the solution comprises less than 1.5 units of precursor for each volume unit of acid.

The present disclosure relates to an electrode for electrolysis which includes a metal base layer, and a coating layer containing a ruthenium oxide, a cerium oxide, and a nickel oxide, wherein the coating layer is formed on at least one surface of the base layer. The electrode for electrolysis of the present disclosure is characterized by exhibiting excellent durability and improved overvoltage.

Systems and methods of synthesizing nanoparticles on substrates using rapid, high temperature thermal shock. A method involves depositing micro-sized particles or salt precursors on a substrate, and applying a rapid, high temperature thermal shock to the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors to become nanoparticles on the substrate. A system may include a rotatable member that receives a roll of a substrate sheet having micro-sized particles or salt precursors; a motor that rotates the rotatable member so as to unroll the substrate; and a thermal energy source that applies a short, high temperature thermal shock to the substrate. The nanoparticles may be metallic, ceramic, inorganic, semiconductor, or compound nanoparticles. The substrate may be a carbon-based substrate, a conducting substrate, or a non-conducting substrate. The high temperature thermal shock process may be enabled by electrical Joule heating, microwave heating, thermal radiative heating, plasma heating, or laser heating.