Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a first lanthanide series metal, wherein the composition has a pH of less than 2.0 and is substantially free of peroxide. Also disclosed herein is a composition comprising a first lanthanide series metal and at least one of a second lanthanide series metal, copper, an inorganic phosphate compound, an organophosphate compound, and an organophosphonate compound; wherein the composition is substantially free of peroxide. Also disclosed herein are systems and methods of treating a metal substrate. Also disclosed are substrates treated with the systems and methods.

This grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes: a base steel sheet; and an insulating coating formed on a surface of the base steel sheet, in which the base steel sheet includes an iron-based oxide layer containing an iron-based oxide on an insulating coating side, the insulating coating includes an intermediate layer formed on a base steel sheet side and containing a crystalline metal phosphate, and a tension coating layer formed on a surface side of the insulating coating, an average thickness of the iron-based oxide layer is 0.10 to 1.50 ?m, an average thickness of the intermediate layer is 0.3 to 10.0 ?m, an average thickness of the insulating coating is 2.0 to 10.0 ?m, the crystalline metal phosphate of the intermediate layer is one or two or more of zinc phosphate, manganese phosphate, iron phosphate, and zinc calcium phosphate, the tension coating layer contains a metal phosphate and silica, and an amount of the silica in the tension coating layer is 20 to 60 mass %.

A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a steel sheet and an insulation coating, in which the insulation coating contains a first metal phosphate, which is a metal phosphate of one or two more metals selected from Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, and Zn; a second metal phosphate, which is a metal phosphate of one or two more metals selected from Co, Mo, V, W, and Zr; and colloidal silica, the insulation coating does not contain chromate, and an elution amount of phosphoric acid of the insulation coating as determined by boiling the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet in a boiled pure water for 10 minutes, then measuring an elution amount of phosphoric acid into the pure water, and dividing the amount of phosphoric acid by the area of the insulation coating of the boiled grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is 30 mg/m.sup.2 or less.

Composition of an electrically insulating coating based on phosphates of aluminum and magnesium and a silica sol for grain-oriented electrical steel is described. The composition can have the following ratio of components: 20-40 wt. % Al and Mg phosphates, 20-45 wt. % silica sol, and modifying additives in the form of 0.01-2 wt. % zirconium silicate ZrSiO4, 0.1-3 wt. % potassium orthovanadate K3VO4, 0.1-3 wt. % vanadyl hydrogen phosphate VOHPO4 and 0.1-2 wt. % manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH), and water to 100 wt. %. The result is an electrically insulating coating that does not contain chromium compounds (CrIII and CrVI) and that exhibits high corrosion and moisture resistance values, excellent adhesion to metal, a good appearance, and a high coefficient of electrical resistance.

Composition of an electrically insulating coating based on phosphates of aluminum and magnesium and a silica sol for grain-oriented electrical steel is described. The composition can have the following ratio of components: 20-40 wt. % Al and Mg phosphates, 20-45 wt. % silica sol, and modifying additives in the form of 0.01-2 wt. % zirconium silicate ZrSiO4, 0.1-3 wt. % potassium orthovanadate K3VO4, 0.1-3 wt. % vanadyl hydrogen phosphate VOHPO4 and 0.1-2 wt. % manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH), and water to 100 wt. %. The result is an electrically insulating coating that does not contain chromium compounds (CrIII and CrVI) and that exhibits high corrosion and moisture resistance values, excellent adhesion to metal, a good appearance, and a high coefficient of electrical resistance.

This grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes: a base steel sheet; and an insulating coating formed on a surface of the base steel sheet, in which the insulating coating includes an intermediate layer formed on a base steel sheet side and containing a crystalline metal phosphate, and a tension coating layer formed on a surface side of the insulating coating, the surface of the base steel sheet has an etch pit structure, an average thickness of the intermediate layer is 0.2 to 10.0 ?m, an average thickness of the insulating coating is 2.0 to 10.0 ?m, the tension coating layer contains a metal phosphate and silica, and an amount of the silica in the tension coating layer is 20 to 60 mass %.

This grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes: a base steel sheet; and an insulating coating formed on a surface of the base steel sheet, in which the insulating coating includes an intermediate layer formed on a base steel sheet side and containing a crystalline metal phosphate, and a tension coating layer formed on a surface side of the insulating coating, an average thickness of the intermediate layer is 0.3 to 10.0 ?m, an average thickness of the insulating coating is 2.0 to 10.0 ?m, the crystalline metal phosphate of the intermediate layer is one or two or more of zinc phosphate, manganese phosphate, iron phosphate, and zinc calcium phosphate, the tension coating layer contains a metal phosphate and silica, and an amount of the silica in the tension coating layer is 20 to 60 mass %.

Provided is a grain oriented electrical steel sheet including a base metal steel sheet, an intermediate layer and an insulation coating, wherein: the intermediate layer is an oxide film; an average thickness of the oxide film is 2-500 nm; the insulation coating is a phosphate coating; an average thickness of the insulation coating is 0.1-10 ?m. When grazing incidence X-ray diffraction is performed on the phosphate coating using a Co-K? excitation source, the X-ray diffraction pattern has a diffraction peak originating from cristobalite-type aluminum phosphate at a diffraction angle of 2?=24.8?; a half value width FWHM.sub.0.5 of the diffraction peak under a diffraction condition with an X-ray incident angle ?=0.5? and a half value width FWHM.sub.1.0 of the diffraction peak under a diffraction condition with an X-ray incident angle ?=1.0? satisfy 0.20??FWHM.sub.0.5?2.00?, 0.20??FWHM.sub.1.0?2.00?, and 0??|F.WHM.sub.0.5?FWHM.sub.1.0|?1.00?.

A method includes providing a workpiece with at least one surface having an anodized aluminum coating and a trivalent chromium sealant. The at least one surface of the workpiece is submerged in a post-treatment sealant solution for 0.5 to 20 minutes. The sealant composition consists essentially of a corrosion inhibitor formulation, a water soluble polymer, an organic complexing agent, and an oxidant. The corrosion inhibitor formulation is formulated from at least one anodic corrosion inhibitor compound, at least one cathodic corrosion inhibitor compound, or a combination thereof. A concentration of each of the corrosion inhibitor formulation, the water soluble polymer, the organic complexing agent, and the oxidant is each in a range of 1-50 mM.

A method includes providing a workpiece with at least one surface having an anodized aluminum coating and a trivalent chromium sealant. The at least one surface of the workpiece is submerged in a post-treatment sealant solution for 0.5 to 20 minutes. The sealant composition consists essentially of a corrosion inhibitor formulation, a water soluble polymer, an organic complexing agent, and an oxidant. The corrosion inhibitor formulation is formulated from at least one anodic corrosion inhibitor compound, at least one cathodic corrosion inhibitor compound, or a combination thereof. A concentration of each of the corrosion inhibitor formulation, the water soluble polymer, the organic complexing agent, and the oxidant is each in a range of 1-50 mM.