The metal tank portion of an electric water heater is protected against corrosion utilizing a corrosion protection system that detects a voltage potential between the sheath portion of a tank water-immersed electric heating element and the tank. In one embodiment of the corrosion protection system the sensed sheath/tank potential is utilized to enable a user of the water heater to accurately gauge the necessity of replacing a sacrificial anode extending into the tank. In another corrosion protection system, the sensed sheath/tank potential is utilized to provide impressed current cathodic protection of the tank and also to prevent dry firing of the electric water heater.

The metal tank portion of an electric water heater is protected against corrosion utilizing a corrosion protection system that detects a voltage potential between the sheath portion of a tank water-immersed electric heating element and the tank. In one embodiment of the corrosion protection system the sensed sheath/tank potential is utilized to enable a user of the water heater to accurately gauge the necessity of replacing a sacrificial anode extending into the tank. In another corrosion protection system, the sensed sheath/tank potential is utilized to provide impressed current cathodic protection of the tank and also to prevent dry firing of the electric water heater.

A system configured to provide cathodic protection to buried and/or submerged metal components and/or structures, such as pipes is disclosed. The system includes a cathodic protection apparatus having at least one upright support and a plurality of sacrificial anodes secured to the at least one upright support in a vertical orientation to provide variable cathodic protection to the metallic structures.

A system configured to provide cathodic protection to buried and/or submerged metal components and/or structures, such as pipes is disclosed. The system includes a cathodic protection apparatus having at least one upright support and a plurality of sacrificial anodes secured to the at least one upright support in a vertical orientation to provide variable cathodic protection to the metallic structures.

A molten salt reactor comprising a reactor vessel and a molten salt contained within the reactor vessel. There is a corrosion reduction unit configured to process the molten salt to maintain an oxidation reduction ratio, (E(o)/E(r)), in the molten salt at a substantially constant level, wherein E(o) is an element (E) at a higher oxidation state (o) and E(r) is the element (E) at a lower oxidation state (r).

The present invention relates to an electric anticorrosive potential measurement electrode unit for measuring an anticorrosive potential of an anticorrosive object (30) buried underground, and comprises: a first electrode unit (10) buried underground near the anticorrosive object (30); and a second electrode unit (20) buried so as to be separated by a distance (D) from the first electrode unit (10) and measuring a comparative potential relative to the first electrode unit (10).

The present invention relates to an electric anticorrosive potential measurement electrode unit for measuring an anticorrosive potential of an anticorrosive object (30) buried underground, and comprises: a first electrode unit (10) buried underground near the anticorrosive object (30); and a second electrode unit (20) buried so as to be separated by a distance (D) from the first electrode unit (10) and measuring a comparative potential relative to the first electrode unit (10).

Coupled multielectrode array sensors (CMAS) have been used for corrosion monitoring for cathodically protected systems. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the cathodic protection (CP) with the CMAS is by using the measured corrosion rate or corrosion current. When the corrosion rate is low or zero, the CP is effective. However, the CMAS has not been used to indicate the effectiveness margin for the degree of protection, called cathodic protection effectiveness safe margin (CPEM) in this disclosure.

This invention discloses a method to derive the CPEM from a multielectrode sensor to indicate how safely a pipe in soil or a metal structure in an electrolyte is cathodically protected. This invention also discloses a method to determine the optimum range of cathodic protection based on the currents from a multielectrode sensor.

Coupled multielectrode array sensors (CMAS) have been used for corrosion monitoring for cathodically protected systems. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the cathodic protection (CP) with the CMAS is by using the measured corrosion rate or corrosion current. When the corrosion rate is low or zero, the CP is effective. However, the CMAS has not been used to indicate the effectiveness margin for the degree of protection, called cathodic protection effectiveness safe margin (CPEM) in this disclosure.

This invention discloses a method to derive the CPEM from a multielectrode sensor to indicate how safely a pipe in soil or a metal structure in an electrolyte is cathodically protected. This invention also discloses a method to determine the optimum range of cathodic protection based on the currents from a multielectrode sensor.

A method and apparatus is described that uses a device that presents a surface of a dielectric material to a flowing or circulating fluid that results in charge being created at a boundary layer of the dielectric where it contacts the fluid by ion exchange and charging of compounds, for example insoluble dielectric particles such as colloids, and using at least one control impedance to control an impressed current in the fluid caused by the fluid flowing through the device and to cause suspended particles in the fluid to be charged, whereby the charge of the suspended particles is then neutralised causing coagulation of the particles as suspended insoluble particles.