A proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer component selected from at least one of a bipolar plate or porous transport layer has an electrically conductive and oxidatively stable coating of an electrically conductive metal nitride or an electrically conductive metal oxide on at least one surface thereof.

A proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer component selected from at least one of a bipolar plate or porous transport layer has an electrically conductive and oxidatively stable coating of an electrically conductive metal nitride or an electrically conductive metal oxide on at least one surface thereof.

A hydrogen electrode includes: a first layer; and a second layer located on the side of the electrolyte membrane relative to the first layer. The first layer is formed of a sintered body of a first metal and a first oxide. The second layer is formed of a sintered body of a second metal and a second oxide different from the first oxide. The first metal and the second metal each are a single metal of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu or an alloy of the element. The first oxide is zirconia stabilized with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Sc, Ca, and Mg. The second oxide is ceria doped with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sm, Gd, and Y.

A hydrogen electrode includes: a first layer; and a second layer located on the side of the electrolyte membrane relative to the first layer. The first layer is formed of a sintered body of a first metal and a first oxide. The second layer is formed of a sintered body of a second metal and a second oxide different from the first oxide. The first metal and the second metal each are a single metal of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu or an alloy of the element. The first oxide is zirconia stabilized with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Sc, Ca, and Mg. The second oxide is ceria doped with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sm, Gd, and Y.

Two-dimensional (2D) high-entropy transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) alloy compositions, methods of synthesizing the TMDC alloys, physical/chemical properties of the TMDC alloys, and uses of the TMDC alloys as catalysts in electrochemical reactions are disclosed.

The present invention discloses a membrane-less reactor design for microbial electrosynthesis of alcohols from carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2). The membrane-less reactor design thus facilitates higher and efficient CO.sub.2 transformation to alcohols via single pot microbial electrosynthesis. The reactor design operates efficiently avoiding oxygen contact at working electrode without using membrane, in turn there is an increase in CO.sub.2 solubility and its bioavailability for subsequent CO.sub.2 conversion to alcohols at faster rate. The present invention further provides a process of operation of the reactor for biotransformation of the carbon dioxide.

The present invention discloses a membrane-less reactor design for microbial electrosynthesis of alcohols from carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2). The membrane-less reactor design thus facilitates higher and efficient CO.sub.2 transformation to alcohols via single pot microbial electrosynthesis. The reactor design operates efficiently avoiding oxygen contact at working electrode without using membrane, in turn there is an increase in CO.sub.2 solubility and its bioavailability for subsequent CO.sub.2 conversion to alcohols at faster rate. The present invention further provides a process of operation of the reactor for biotransformation of the carbon dioxide.

A plate structure, such as a plate electrode, comprising two outer layers and an intermediate layer. Both outer layers are provided with a pattern of recesses, such as hexagonal or circular recesses. The recesses on one outer layer are offset with respect to the recesses in the other outer layer. The intermediate layer comprises through-holes, each through-hole connecting a recess at one outer layer with a partially overlapping recess at the opposite outer layer.

A system preferably including a carbon dioxide reactor. A method for carbon dioxide reactor control, preferably including selecting carbon dioxide reactor aspects based on a desired output composition, running a carbon dioxide reactor under controlled process conditions to produce a desired output composition, and/or altering the process conditions to alter the output composition.

An iron-containing Chevrel phase material, contains iron and Mo.sub.6S.sub.8 clusters, in particular an iron-containing Chevrel phase material having a formula Fe.sub.xMo.sub.6S.sub.8, wherein 2≤x≤4. The iron-containing Chevrel phase provides an efficient catalyst for the electrochemical production of ammonia from water and nitrogen gas.